Nutrition Chapter 45 (P&P)

Nutrition Chapter 45 (P&P)

1. carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamin, and minerals provides the essential nutrients

   • normal physiological functioning of the body

2. digestion food is broken down

   • into its simplest form for absorption
     • Digestion and absorption occur mainly in the small intestine

3. Guidelines for dietary change recommend

   • reduced fat, saturated fat, sodium, refined sugar, and cholesterol and increased intake of complex carbohydrates and fiber.
   • improper nutrition affects all body systems,
     • nutritional assessment includes a review of total physical assessmen

4. Enteral feedings are for patients who are unable to ingest food but are able to digest and absorb food in the gastrointestinal tract

   • EN
     • protects intestinal structure
       • function and enhances immunity.

5. TPN supplies

   • essential nutrients
     • appropriate amounts to support life
       • administration of a concentrated nutrient solution
         • superior vena cava near the right atrium of the heart

6. MNT i

   • recognized treatment
     • modality for both acute and chronic disease states

7. Once of the most important responsibilities of a nurse administering enteral feedings is to take precautions to prevent patients from aspirating feeding formula.

8. Special diets

   • Alter
     • composition, texture, digestibility, and residue of foods

9. Food security is critical for all members of a household. This means that all household members have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to main- tain a healthy lifestyle

10. The basal meta- bolic rate (BMR) is the energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities (breathing, circulation, heart rate, and temperature) for a specific amount of time

11. The resting energy expenditure (REE), or resting metabolic rate, is the amount of energy you need to consume over a 24-hour period for your body to maintain all of its internal working activities while at rest. Factors that affect metabolism include illness, pregnancy, lactation, and activity level.

12. Poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease are potential risk factors for systemic diseases such as joint infections, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular disease, DM, and aspiration pneumonia

    • he older adult is often on a therapeutic diet; has difficulty eating because of physical symptoms, lack of teeth, or dentures; or is at risk for drug-nutrient interactions (Table 45-2). Caution older adults to avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice because they alter absorption of many drugs.
      • ymptoms of dehydration in older adults include confusion; weakness; hot, dry skin; furrowed tongue; rapid pulse; and high urinary sodium
        • Vitamin D supplements are important for improving strength and balance, strengthening bone health, and preventing bone fractures and falls
          • Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing. The causes (Box 45-7) and complications of dysphagia vary. Complications include aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, decreased nutritional status, and weight loss
            • They include cough during eating; change in voice tone or quality after swallowing; abnor- mal movements of the mouth, tongue, or lips; and slow, weak, impre- cise, or uncoordinated speech