fracture in the arm

fracture in the arm

1. structure of bone

   • bone cells
     • osteoblasts
     • osteocytes
     • osteoclast
     • osteoprogenitor cells
   • bone matrix
     • organic part
     • inorganic part
   • periosteum

2. bone classifications

   • by shape
     • irregular bones
     • sesamoid bones
     • flat bones
     • short bones
     • long bones
       • humerus
         • anatomy
         • muscles
           • anterior compartment
             • biceps brachii
               • flexor of elbow joint
               • supinator of the forearm
             • coracobrachialis
               • flexor of shoulder joint
             • brachialis
               • flexor of elbow joint
           • posterior compartment
             • triceps brachii
               • extender of the elbow joint
   • gross observation
     • compact bone
     • spongy bone
   • microscopic observation
     • primary bone
     • secondary bone

3. bone fractuers

   • cuases
     • twisting force
     • compression force
     • bending
     • tension force
   • Types
     • transverse
     • linear
     • oblique
     • spiral
     • open fractures
       • bone protruding from the skin
     • closed fractures
   • clinical features
     • swelling or bruising
     • deformity
     • pain
     • loss of function
   • management
     • reduction
       • open
         • wires
         • pins
         • plates
         • screws
       • closed
       • causes
         • relieve pain
         • prevent mal-union
     • immobilization
       • bandage
       • cast
       • splint
       • plaster of paris
       • effects of immobilization
         • decreased muscle tone
         • psychological stress
     • rahabilitation
       • physiotherapy of the hand
         • prayer stretch
           • wrist deviations
         • wrist flexion\extension
         • finger flexion\extention
         • supination\pronation

4. first aid managment of injured arm

   • stop any bleeding
   • immobilize the injured area
   • apply ice to limit swelling
   • treat for shock

5. healing

   • factors affecting the duration
     • type of bone fracture
     • patients's age
     • infection
     • mobility of fracture site
     • disturbance of blood supply
   • types
     • secondary
       • callus formation
         • stages
           • 1.hematoma forms
           • 2.fibrocartilaginous forms
           • 3.bonycallus forms
           • 4.bone remodelling occurs
     • primary
       • no callus formation

6. wrist and finger drop

   • causes
     • broken arm or other injury
     • diabetes
     • lead poisoning
     • long-term pressure on the nerve
     • improper use of crutches
   • injury to the radial nerve
     • diagnosis
       • X-Rays
       • magnetic resonance imaging
       • nerve conduction test
     • treatment
       • pain medicine
       • splint or cast
       • surgery
       • physical therapy

7. clinical examination of the upper arm and elbow joint

   • observation
   • feel
   • palpate
   • move
   • special tests
     • tennis elbow
     • golfers elbow

8. conditioning

   • classical conditioning
     • generalized
     • extinction
     • discrimination
   • operant coditioning
     • neutral
     • reinforcers
     • punishers

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