125819
Description
Mind Map by Sarah Mather, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sarah Mather
almost 11 years ago
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Ecological Theory
- Charles Murray
- New Right
- Underclass = single
parents families
dependent on the
welfare state
- They are blamed for c + d
- They are blamed for c + d
- Lack of conformity and formal/informal social
controls
- New Right
- Differential Association -
Sutherland and Cressy
- A criminal is likely to develop if they are
exposed to certain socialisation processed that
trigger criminality
- These include frequency,
duration, priority and intensity
- However this is impossible to empirically
(scientifically) measure since it is rather
subjective and difficult in terms of domestic
crime
- A criminal is likely to develop if they are
exposed to certain socialisation processed that
trigger criminality
- Economic Factors
- The higher the zone, the more income
- MIDDLE CLASS
- They have power
- They have power
- Middle class areas have fewer crimes
since they are less likely to suffer from
material deprivation, and are less likely to
live in private property, invest in burglar
alarms, double glazing, neighbourhood
watch schemes etc.
- MIDDLE CLASS
- The higher the zone, the more income
- Housing -
Wikstrom (1991)
- House types also contribute e.g.
those in council houses tend to have
higherlevels of delinquency than
people who own private property
(more likely to be law abiding/use
situational crime
prevention/protection)
- House types also contribute e.g.
those in council houses tend to have
higherlevels of delinquency than
people who own private property
(more likely to be law abiding/use
situational crime
prevention/protection)
- Inner-City Areas
- Blocked opportunity
(Merton), Social
Disorganisation (Shaw and
McKay), Faulty Socialisation,
poverty and divided
communities
- Blocked opportunity
(Merton), Social
Disorganisation (Shaw and
McKay), Faulty Socialisation,
poverty and divided
communities
- Nocturnal Crime - Hobbs (2000)
- A leisure culture that
has emerged at night
- often eforced by
teenagers/youths
- A leisure culture that
has emerged at night
- Privatisation of Public Space
- CCTV, shopping
centres, police are
confined to other parts
of towns, certain groups
= excluded
- CCTV, shopping
centres, police are
confined to other parts
of towns, certain groups
= excluded
- Owen Gill - Luke
Street
- Interpretivist - labelling of
some districts occurs
since they have a
negative stereotype -
Amplified deviance
- Interpretivist - labelling of
some districts occurs
since they have a
negative stereotype -
Amplified deviance
- Rural Crime
- Increase: Robert Reiner argues
there is a rise of unemployment,
deprivation, lack of surveillance,
greater mobility of criminals
(geographical), house parties
alcoholism, poor parenting, break
down of community norms and
values e.g. secularisation
- Decrease: community spirit,
cohesion, suspicion, community
watch schemes, informal
warnings
- Increase: Robert Reiner argues
there is a rise of unemployment,
deprivation, lack of surveillance,
greater mobility of criminals
(geographical), house parties
alcoholism, poor parenting, break
down of community norms and
values e.g. secularisation
- Social Disorganisation
- Shaw and McKay (1920's) Chicago School
- Concentric Zones
- Crime occurs in the
'Zone of Transition'
(zone 2) closest to city
centre
- Crime occurs in the
'Zone of Transition'
(zone 2) closest to city
centre
- Influx of population = a lack of
social stability, integration,
community cohesion and
- Shaw and McKay (1920's) Chicago School
- Tipping - Baldwin and Bottoms (1976)
- Putting all working class/anti-social families in
one area will inevitably lead to c +d
- This allows anti-social behaviour to become
a normal aspect of everyday life.
- This allows anti-social behaviour to become
a normal aspect of everyday life.
- Putting all working class/anti-social families in
one area will inevitably lead to c +d
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