Mind map
Bacteria immune response
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Bacteria immune response
Breaks epithelial cells
- Bacteria enter tissue
- PRR bind to PAMPs
- PRR - Pattern Recognition Receptors found on surface of macrophages
- PAMPs - Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on bacteria
- Macrophages
- Engulf bacteria
- Phagocytosis
- Bacteria killed through oxidative burst
- Production of reactive oxygen species
- Bacteria broken down into little particles
- Bacteria killed through oxidative burst
- Phagocytosis
- Release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines
- Signal to other cells there is an infection
- IL-1, TNF-a and CXCL-8
- Cytokines
- Can be pro or anti-inflammatory
- Interleukins
- Target leukocytes
- Interferons
- Have antiviral response
- Chemokines
- Mediate chemotaxis
- Mast cells activated
- Mast cells degranulate
- Granules released into surrounding tissue
- They release enzymes and active components
- Have an effect on blood vessels
- Blood vessels become leaky
- Tight junctions broken down
- Blood and interstitial fluid enters tissue
- Neutrophils escape blood and enter tissue to fight infection
- Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria
- PRRs bind to PAMPs
- Oxidative burst
- Complement proteins drawn into tissue
- Opsonise pathogen
- Make it more visible to phagocytes
- Cell lysis
- Form membrane attack complex
- Punches hole in pathogen so water enters and it bursts
- Form membrane attack complex
- Cell signalling molecule
- Chemotaxis
- Draws in neutrophils
- Activation
- Mast cells
- Chemotaxis
- C Reactive Protein (CRP) drawn into tissue
- Dendritic cells activated
- Phagocytose pathogen
- Dendritic cells take pathogen to local lymph node
- Dendritic cells talk to T helper cells
- T helper cells initiate adaptive immune response
- Pathogen on MHC2 molecule recognised by T helper/naive CD4 T cells
- CD4 cell activated
- Activated by interleukin 2
- Proliferation and clonal expansion of CD4 cells
- All CD4 cells recognise pathogen
- B cells activated
- B cells clonally expand
- Recognises the antigen and so can fight off pathogen
- Some B memory cells produced
- Reside in lymph node
- Antibodies produced
- IgM is produced first
- Isotype switching
- T helper 2 cells release certain cytokines
- Tells B cells which antibodies to produce
- T helper 2 cells release certain cytokines
- Antibdies work to destroy the pathogen
- Neutralisation
- Prevents toxins from damaging tissue
- Prevents pathogens from entering cells
- Opsonisation
- Highlights pathigen to the phagocyte
- Helps phagocytosis
- Important for encapsulated bacteria and some viruses
- Act as signalling molecules to activate acute inflammation
- Cause activation of complement and in turn mast cells
- Mast cells release chemical signals that cause inflammation
- Cause activation of complement and in turn mast cells
- Antibody mediated cell cytotoxicity
- Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells bind to Fc portion of the antibody
- Release enzymes for cytotoxic cell
- Cause apoptosis of cell
- Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells bind to Fc portion of the antibody
- Clear infection and cells involved in fighting it
- Back to state of normality
- Heal wound
- Back to state of normality
- Neutralisation
- B cells clonally expand
- Some T cells become memory T cells
- Reside in lymph node
- Naive T cells differentiate into different types of T cell
- Stimulated by the release of cytokines by dendritic cells
- E.g. with bacterial infection, TH2 response is helpful - activates naive B cells to become plasma cells and produce antibodies
- Humoral response
- CD4 cell activated
- Pathogen on MHC2 molecule recognised by T helper/naive CD4 T cells
- T helper cells initiate adaptive immune response
- Dendritic cells talk to T helper cells
- Displays parts of pathogen on its surface
- On MHC2 proteins
- Dendritic cells take pathogen to local lymph node
- Phagocytose pathogen
- Dendritic cells activated
- Opsonise pathogen
- Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria
- Neutrophils escape blood and enter tissue to fight infection
- Blood vessels become leaky
- Have an effect on blood vessels
- They release enzymes and active components
- Granules released into surrounding tissue
- Contain granules
- Mast cells degranulate
- Engulf bacteria
- PRR bind to PAMPs
- Bacteria enter tissue
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- Mind Map on Bacteria immune response, created by Hattie Warr on 05/03/2018.
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- Hattie Warr
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