12994544
Description
Mind Map by Fatma Shwaylia, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Fatma Shwaylia
about 6 years ago
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A Hot Summer’s Night
- Sleep stages
- Non-REM
- Stage 1
- Stage 2
- Stage 3
- This is the deep sleep stage. It's harder to rouse you during this stage, and if someone woke you up,
you would feel disoriented for a few minutes. During the deep stages of NREM sleep, the body repairs
and regrows tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system.
- This is the deep sleep stage. It's harder to rouse you during this stage, and if someone woke you up,
you would feel disoriented for a few minutes. During the deep stages of NREM sleep, the body repairs
and regrows tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system.
- light sleep. Your heart
rate slows and
your body
temperaturedrops.
- Stage 3
- Your eyes are closed, but it's easy to wake
you up. This phase may last for 5 to 10
minutes.
- Stage 2
- Stage 1
- REM
- REM sleep happens 90
minutes after you fall asleep.
The first period of REM
typically lasts 10 minutes
- heart rate and breathing quickens.
- intense dreams during REM
sleep, since your brain is more
active.
- intense dreams during REM
sleep, since your brain is more
active.
- heart rate and breathing quickens.
- REM sleep happens 90
minutes after you fall asleep.
The first period of REM
typically lasts 10 minutes
- Non-REM
- Shock
- is a life-threatening condition that occurs
when the body is not getting enough blood
flow
- types
- cardiogenic
- hypovolumeic
- anaphylactic
- neurogenic
- sepsis
- cardiogenic
- Symptoms
- Cool, clammy skin.
- Pale or ashen skin.
- Rapid pulse.
- Rapid breathing.
- Nausea or vomiting.
- Enlarged pupils
- Weakness or fatigue.
- dizziness or fatigue
- Cool, clammy skin.
- Causes
- Heart problems
- changes in blood vessels
- low blood volume
- Heart problems
- types
- is a life-threatening condition that occurs
when the body is not getting enough blood
flow
- Renal Physiology
- Kidneys function
- kidney structure
- Externally, the kidney is
surrounded by the renal fascia,
the perirenal fat capsule, and
the renal capsule. Internally, the
kidney is most importantly filled
with nephrons that filter blood
and generate urine.
- Nephron: The Functional Unit of the Kidney
- a renal corpuscle, a renal tubule, and the
associated capillary network, which originates
from the cortical radiate arteries.
- The renal corpuscle, located in the renal cortex, is
composed of a network of capillaries known as the
glomerulus, as well as a cup-shaped chamber that
surrounds it: the glomerular or Bowman’s capsule.
- The renal corpuscle, located in the renal cortex, is
composed of a network of capillaries known as the
glomerulus, as well as a cup-shaped chamber that
surrounds it: the glomerular or Bowman’s capsule.
- a renal corpuscle, a renal tubule, and the
associated capillary network, which originates
from the cortical radiate arteries.
- Externally, the kidney is
surrounded by the renal fascia,
the perirenal fat capsule, and
the renal capsule. Internally, the
kidney is most importantly filled
with nephrons that filter blood
and generate urine.
- Urine formation
- Filtration
- blood enters the afferent arteriole and flows
into the glomerulus where filterable blood
components, such as water and nitrogenous
waste, will move towards the inside of the
glomerulus, and nonfilterable components,
such as cells and serum albumins, will exit
via the efferent arteriole. These filterable
components accumulate in the glomerulus
to form the glomerular filtrate.
- blood enters the afferent arteriole and flows
into the glomerulus where filterable blood
components, such as water and nitrogenous
waste, will move towards the inside of the
glomerulus, and nonfilterable components,
such as cells and serum albumins, will exit
via the efferent arteriole. These filterable
components accumulate in the glomerulus
to form the glomerular filtrate.
- Reabsorption
- the nephron may be
either a passive or active
process, and the specific
permeability of the each
part of the nephron
varies considerably in
terms of the amount
and type of substance
reabsorbed
- Passive diffusion—passing through plasma
membranes of the kidney epithelial cells by
concentration gradients.
- Active transport—membrane-bound ATPase
pumps (such as NA+/K+ ATPase pumps) with
carrier proteins that carry substances across the
plasma membranes of the kidney epithelial cells
by consuming ATP.
- Cotransport—this process is particularly important for the reabsorption
of water. Water can follow other molecules that are actively transported,
particularly glucose and sodium ions in the nephron.
- Passive diffusion—passing through plasma
membranes of the kidney epithelial cells by
concentration gradients.
- the nephron may be
either a passive or active
process, and the specific
permeability of the each
part of the nephron
varies considerably in
terms of the amount
and type of substance
reabsorbed
- Secretion
- secretion occurs are similar to those of
reabsorption, however these processes
occur in the opposite direction.
- The substances that are
secreted into the tubular
fluid for removal from the
body include:
- Potassium ions (K+)
- Potassium balance
- Intercalated cells help in reabsorption during low potassium diet
- Principal cells secrete during high potassium diet
- Increased secretion
- High potassium diet
- Increase aldosterone
- Alkalosis
- Diuretic
- High potassium diet
- Decreased secretion
- Low potassium diet
- Decreased aldosterone
- Acidosis
- Potassium sparing diuretics
- Low potassium diet
- Intercalated cells help in reabsorption during low potassium diet
- Potassium balance
- Hydrogen ions (H+)
- Ammonium ions (NH4+)
- Creatinine
- Urea
- Urea cycle
- Urea cycle
- Potassium ions (K+)
- The substances that are
secreted into the tubular
fluid for removal from the
body include:
- secretion occurs are similar to those of
reabsorption, however these processes
occur in the opposite direction.
- oligouria
- <400 ml/day
- <400 ml/day
- anuria
- <100ml/day
- <100ml/day
- polyuria
- <2L/day
- <2L/day
- Filtration
- Kidneys function
- Acute Kidney Failure
- Chronic Kidney Failure
- caused by acute kidney failure
- causes
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- polycystitis
- Hypertension
- Manifestations
- Sodium and water balance
- Potassium balance
- Metabolic acidosis
- Osteodystrophy
- Anemia
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Sodium and water balance
- caused by acute kidney failure
- Chronic Kidney Failure
- Investigations
- CBC
- Urine analysis with microscopy
- Urine electrolytes
- Serum
biochemistries
- renal imaging is useful, especially if
renal failure is secondary to
obstruction
- Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves
to get a picture of the kidney. It may be
used to look for abnormalities in size or
position of the kidneys or for
obstructions such as stones or tumors.
- CT Scan: This imaging
technique uses contrast
dye to picture the kidneys.
It may also be used to look
for structural abnormalities
and the presence of
obstructions.
- Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves
to get a picture of the kidney. It may be
used to look for abnormalities in size or
position of the kidneys or for
obstructions such as stones or tumors.
- CBC
- Management of AKI
- Treating the underlying cause of your kidney
failure
- Treatments to balance the amount of fluids in your blood.
- diuretics
- diuretics
- Medications to control blood potassium
- Medications to restore blood calcium levels.
- Renal Replacement Therapy
- dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration
- kidney transplant (ultimate form)
- Hemodialysis, hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration can
be: Continuous or intermittent Arteriovenous route or
venovenous route
- continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis, intermittent venovenous hemofiltration
- dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration
- Treating the underlying cause of your kidney
failure
- A splenectomy
may be
indicated in the
following cases:
- Trauma
- Hematologic Diseases
- Splenomegaly
- Cancer
- When the
spleen bleeds
- Trauma
- Follow up
- Arrange follow-up visits as needed for the underlying
cause of the kidney failure and the severity of the
disease
- During recovery, doctors may refer
patients to a dietitian who would
recommend a diet :
- low potassium
- Avoid food with added salt
- Limit phosphorous
- low potassium
- Arrange follow-up visits as needed for the underlying
cause of the kidney failure and the severity of the
disease
- prognosis
- Depends on the cause of the disease
- Partial recovery of renal function may occur in
situations in which the injury does not
completely resolve.
- On long-term follow-up (1 to 10 years),
approximately 12.5% of survivors of acute renal
failure require dialysis and 19% to 31% of them
have chronic kidney disease
- The mortality rate in patients in
intensive care (ICU) settings with
acute kidney failure that requires
dialysis is 70% to 80%.
- The mortality rate in patients in
intensive care (ICU) settings with
acute kidney failure that requires
dialysis is 70% to 80%.
- On long-term follow-up (1 to 10 years),
approximately 12.5% of survivors of acute renal
failure require dialysis and 19% to 31% of them
have chronic kidney disease
- Depends on the cause of the disease
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