Aisha’s not feeling so good

Aisha’s not feeling so good

1. Shortness of Breath

   • Differential Causes
     • Respiratory
     • Cardiovascular
     • others
   • Dyspnea
     • decreased pulmonary compliance
     • increased airway resistance
     • decreased ventilatory capacity
     • increased ventilatory demand
   • Orthopnea
     • Position related dyspnea (lying down)

2. Diagnosis

   • Congestive Heart failure
     • epidemiology of heart failure
     • Risk Factors
       • hypertension
       • Coronary artery disease
       • Heart attack
       • Diabetes
       • Some diabetes medications
       • Valvular heart disease
       • Alcohol use
       • Tobacco use
       • Obesity
     • Signs o& Symptoms
       • Left Heart Failure
         • Pulmonary congestion
           • Edema
           • HF cells
         • Decreased forward perfusion
         • Cardiomegaly
         • Tachycardia
         • S3 sound
         • Ventricular dilation
         • Arrhythmias
       • Right Heart Failure
         • JVD
         • HSM
         • Pitting Edema
         • Dilated Cardiomyopathy
         • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
         • Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
     • pathophysiology
       • Systolic Heart Failure
       • Diastolic Heart Failure
     • Physical examination
       • blood pressure and pulse rate
       • checking JVP
       • Listening to breathing
       • Listening to the heart for murmurs
       • checking for Edema
         • Capillary Exchange
           • Abnormal Exchange (Hydrostatic vs.Osmotic)
         • Types
           • Cerebral
           • Allergic
           • Lymphatic
           • Renal
           • Ascites
     • Investigation
       • ECG
         • Different causes of heart failure leads to different ECG presentations.
       • X-ray
       • echocardiogram
     • Complications
     • Treatment
       • Beta Adrenergic Blockers
         • Bisoprolol
         • Metoprolol
         • Carvedilol
       • Vasodilators
         • ACE inhibitors
         • angiotensin receptor antagonists
         • Venous dilators (nitrates)
         • Arterial dilators (hydralazine)
       • Cardiotonic-inotropic drugs
         • Digitalis glycosides
         • Phosphodiestrase inhibitors
         • Dobutamine and Dopamine
         • Human Natriuretic Peptide
         • Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
     • Prognosis
       • Decreased mortality
         • Amyloidosis
         • Inc. Hospitalization
         • Coronary Art. Disease
         • HIV
         • Old Age
     • Causes

3. Dyspnea, Orthopnea, Edema, and fatigue

4. Smoker

   • Smoking Cessation
     • Set a date
       • Ignore cravings
         • Find alternatives
           • Avoid triggers
     • Tell others

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