Development of AA

Development of AA

1. Black advancement paradigm

   • economic pressure
     • international sanctions
       • breakdown of apartheid regime
         • inadequate education system for blacks
   • special developmental programs
     • assist black in accelerated advancement
       • literacy
         • hygiene
           • western etiquette, other life skills
             • bridging educational gaps in maths, English, science
               • leadership training, problem solving, management skills
                 • principles of capitalism and free enterprise
   • one value system (western) no black values accepted in management
     • instead of modernisation of blacks - seen as priority or organisations
       • black participation mainly at trade union level
         • general failure to implement participative management goals
           • the sharing of material and financial benefits for blacks was introduced

2. Affirmative Action Paradigm

   • enforced empowerment and occupational advancement
     • this group receive preferential treatment with regard to
       • recruitment, development and promotion
       • 2 sub- paradigms
         • bottom-up paradigm
           • originates within the organisation before legislation forces it
             • seen as strategic business strategy and long term viability for the organisation
               • quotas and time limits set by government
                 • ideal AA model
                 • comprehensive equal opportunities and accelerated development
                   • full employee participation in organisation decision and profits, transparency
         • top-down paradigm
           • forced to change by legislation
             • quotas and limits set by government
               • reactive invention
               • results in negative self-image for black employees
                 • value differences are handled according to number of blacks in decision making positions
                   • modern work values pushed

3. Management of diversity

   • holistic developmental approach to include social, organisation and individual benefits
     • sensitivity to multiculturalism and diversity
       • culture of value tolerance and synergy
         • voluntary integration of Eurocentric and Afrocentric values