Some phonetics definitions Ballard chapter 9

Some phonetics definitions Ballard chapter 9

1. phonetics - study of the sounds of speech

   • articulatory phonetics - deals with the actual production of speech sounds
   • physical production and perception of speech
   • distinct sound can be proven by the possibility of replacing it resulting in a different word.

2. phonology - concerned with sound systems and patterns

3. dialect - a variety characterised by certain lexical and grammaical features

4. accent - characteristics of pronunciation

5. phoneme - underlying individual sounds hat make up a word

   • allophones - different pronunciations of the same phoneme
   • phoneme inventory - complete set of phonemes in a language

6. transcription - the writing down of speech sounds

7. angled brackets < > for letters

8. IPA - a symbol for every possible sound in the language

   • slant brackets / / for phonetic symbols
     • called a broad transcription
       • addition of diacritics to identify allophones - called a narrow description

9. vocal tract - from larynx to lips

   • action of the vocal cords at the top of the larynx and mouth shape determine which sound is produced
     • consonant - narrow, partial or complete closure in the tract, usually the mouth
     • vowel - no closure or contact, airstream flows unobstructed out of the mouth
   • places of articulation
     • where complete or partial closure needed for consonant sound occurs
       • bilabial - lips
         • /b//m//p//w/
       • labio-dental - upper front teeth against lower lip
         • /f//v/
       • dental - tongue between front teeth and touchng upper teeth
       • alveolar - tongue against alveolar ridge
         • /d//I//n//r//s//t//z/
       • palato-alveolar - tip ot tongue with alveolar ridge and front of tongue with hard palate
       • palatal - tongue against hard palate
         • /j/
       • velar - back of tongue against velum (soft palate)
         • /g//k//ng/
       • glottal - vocal cords
         • /h/
   • voicing - presence or absence of voice when phoneme produced
     • if vocal cords open and air passes freely - voiceless
     • if vocal cords closed nd passing air causes them to vibrate - voiced

10. manner of articulation

    • plosive
      • /b/ and /m/ are stops
    • nasal
    • fricative -
    • affricate - combination of plosive and fricative
    • approximant sounds - semi-consonants or semi-vowels?
      • lateral and central
        • liquid approximants /l/ and /r/