Management

Management

1. As Process

   • Social Process, where people is the focus point
   • Integrating process - bring harmony between various factors
   • Continuous process - constantly identifying the problem and solving them
   • George R. Terry

2. As Activity

   • Koontz
   • Informational activities - receive and give information
   • Decisional activities - all activities is based on decisions
   • Inter-personal activities - maintain good relationship with superiors as well as sub-ordinates

3. As Disciplin

   • It specifies certain code of conduct to be followed by the manager & also various methods for managing resources efficiently.

4. As Group

5. As Science

   • Universally acceptance principles
   • Experimentation and Observation - Henry Foyal
   • Cause and Effect Relationship
   • Test of validity and predictability
   • Human beings is very hard to predict.
     • The main reason for the inexactness of science of management is that it deals with human beings and it is very difficult to predict their behavior accurately.

6. As Art

   • Practical Knowledge
   • Personal Skill
   • Creativity
   • Perfection though practice
   • Goal Oriented

7. As Profession

   • Specialized Knowledge
   • Formal Education and training
   • Social Obligation
   • Code of Conduct

8. "Managers are made" >< "Managers are born"

   • Manager must have the knowledge of the science and applying is the art. Science is the root and art is the fruit.&nbsp;

9. Features :

   • Goal-Oriented
   • Integrates human, physical and financial resources (Harmony)
   • On-going process- Continuous handling of problems and issues
   • Universal. wherever more than one personal is engaged on common goal - management is required.
     • Group Activity.

10. Levels

    • Top: board of directors, chief executive or managing director.
    • The branch managers and departmental managers constitute middle level.
    • Lower level is also known as supervisory / operative level of management. It consists of supervisors, foreman, section officers, superintendent etc.
    • the managers who are higher up in the hierarchy denote more time on administrative function & the lower level denote more time on directing and controlling worker’s performance i.e. management.

11. Objectives:

    • 1. Getting Maximum Results with Minimum Efforts
    • 2. Increasing the Efficiency of factors of Production
    • 3. Maximum Prosperity for Employer & Employees
    • 4. Human betterment & Social Justice

12. Management is an art of getting things done through others by directing their efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals.

13. Management vs Adminstration

    • Management is an art of getting things done through others by directing their efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals.
    • It is concerned with formulation of broad objectives, plans & policies.
    • Is an executing function.
    • Is a decision-making function.
    • Decides who should do it & how should he should do it.
    • Decides what is to be done & when it is to be done.
    • Technical and Human skills
    • Conceptual and Human skills
    • Middel and lower level
    • Top level
    • It is applicable to business concerns i.e. profit-making organization.
    • It is applicable to non-business concerns i.e. clubs, schools, hospitals etc.
    • decisions are influenced by the values, opinions, beliefs & decisions of the managers.
    • The administration is influenced by public opinion, govt. policies, religious organizations, customs etc.

14. Functions

    • Planning- A plan is a future course of actions.
    • Organizing - determining & providing human and non-human resources to the organizational structure
    • Staffing : right man to the right job
    • Directing: Supervision, motivation, leadership and communication
    • Controlling : measurement of accomplishment against the standards and correction of deviation if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals

15. Principles of Management

    • Principles are universal
    • Is flexiable
    • Have a cause and Effect relationship
    • Aims at influencing Human Behavior

16. Both applied scientific method to this problem that Taylor worked primarily from operative level, from bottom to upward, while Fayol concentrated on managing director and work downwards, was merely a reflection of their very different careers

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