1853636
Description
Mind Map by Elizabeth Smith, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Elizabeth Smith
about 11 years ago
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Monastic Culture
- Characteristics -- 1. devotion to God- often described as the 4
tastes of the heavenly Jerusalem. They provided a glimpse of
what it was like to be in heaven. These included the notions of
community, contemplation and the end goal was unification
with God 2. Sacred learning, they preserved the classical
liberal education. They also developed a rich biblical
imagination (they were dwarfs on the shoulders of giants and
had to be faithful to the authorities of the past). there lives
were governed by the liturgy of the hours, which would form
about 8 hours of prayer 3. Monastic reading – monks would
continually dwell on what they had read. They read
individually and in a community
- Carolingian monasticism
- cluny: The Benedictian monastery at Cluny, Burgandy was
established in 909/910 by the Duke of Aquitaine to be an
abbey free of secular feudal control. For 200 years it
functioned as a centre of reform and social stability, and it
was ruled by a succession of seven powerful and intelligent
abbots, including Breno and Peter the Venerable. The houses
associated with Cluny (314 by the 12th century) practised a
more centralized form of governance in being answerably to
the mother house at Cluny, a power structure not shared by
the larger Benedictine order. Cluny became a great center of
art and liturgy, responsible for the training of popes and other
important church leaders. Eventually, the Cluniacs became
enriched with their social wealth and influence. Destroyed in
the 18th century, the abbey-church at Cluny was an immense
structure and became famous in the high medieval period.
555 feet in length, it was the largest church until St. Peter's at
Rome was constructed. "It consisted of fiv
- Benedictine Revival: Revival of Benedict There were various
reforms in the MA because: 1. There was still interference
from local authority and it was rare for the Abbot or Abbess
to not be from a wealthy family 2. Towns and cities began to
re-emerge which brought wealth and trade, causing people to
get distracted from the soul. This was problematic for the
Benedictions because they were all about community and
giving up possessions 3. towns provided wealth which meant
more monastery could be set up in an urban setting, causing
there to be various types of monasteries
- Cistercians
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Cistercians
- Carthusians -- Another group who aimed to adhere to the
rule of St Benedict. They were founded in 1084 by St Bruno.
Originally, Benedictine life was communal, with the
opportunity for mature monks to live a hermetic life. The
Carthusians were a mix of Benedictine and Hermeneutic They
created a small but stable religious order (38 houses in 1200
to 200 in 1500). Their communities were packed and limited to
12 monks and a prior and avoided accumulating more land
than they needed. Any potential members had to undergo a
long trial period. During the week, the monks lived in an
individual cell, eating, working and praying in silence and then
on Sundays, there gathered for a meal, mass and
conversation
- Knight Templars -- The crusades changed the negative
attitude toward soldiers into a positive one and the careers of
a knight was Christianised. In 1120, Hugh of Payen, a French
knight founded the first military religious order, The Knight of
the Temple. They swore to the patriarch of Jerusalem that
they would follow traditional monastic virtues and it was their
role to protect pilgrim routes. Bernard of Clairvaux wrote a
Rule for the group, and their numbers rapidly grew because
of popular support for the crusades. Within a generation they
became a new, unprecedented order. Dressing in white habits
with a red cross and were led by an master rather than an
abbot. The Knights were divided into 3 groups 1. the knights
who fought 2. the sergeants who aided them 3. the chaplains
who provided religious service In 1312, the Templars, with the
failure of the crusade, were ashamed and accused of heresy.
But it cant be denied that their role was crucial for the
protection of the crusaders
- Augustine Canons -- There was tends of thousands of clergy
who were not monks and the 11th c reformers thought that
the spiritual level of these men would be raised if they were
monasticised to some degree. Therefore celibacy and a
communal life was forced upon them, . Their lifestyle however
was less severe than that of a monk. For instance, they could
eat meat. wear linen and retain their wealth. Because of their
pastoral duties, Benedict's rule was impractical for these men.
Therefore, the reformers discovered the Rule of St Augustine
and thought that this would be an applicable guide to the
cleric living in community. The Rule, along with legislation to
fill its gaps, could accommodate the needs of monastic
communities and those who worked in the world as
preachers and doctors. These became known as the
Augustine Canons, and each groups focus varied. For
instance, some would focus on preaching, running schools,
serving as confessors to laity, imitating a contemplative life.
- Fransicans and
Dominicans
- Women
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