1855199
Immue System - How are cells recruited to the site of infection?
- Innate I.S. Recruitment
- Involve...
- Selectin + Chemokines + serpentin receptor adhesion
- chemokine: I(V)CAM-1
- Mechanisms
- 1) Rolling adhesion
- Following infection mast cells release vasodilators
- ie. IL-1 and TNF-alpha
- (i) they bind to their receptors activating endothelial cells
- (i) they bind to their receptors activating endothelial cells
- enable vascular endothelial cells to increase
their expression of (produce) adhesion molecules
- adhesion molecules
- Selectin
- cause leukocytes to slow their flow and roll along the inner blood vessel wall
- cause leukocytes to slow their flow and roll along the inner blood vessel wall
- Chemokines
- Intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)
- Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)
- Intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)
- Selectin
- Hence, increases capillary permeability
- allowing plasma + leukocytes (white blood cell) to leave bloodstream and enter tissue
- allowing plasma + leukocytes (white blood cell) to leave bloodstream and enter tissue
- adhesion molecules
- ie. IL-1 and TNF-alpha
- Following infection mast cells release vasodilators
- 2) Tight binding
- Chemokines (IL-8) at the inner suface of endothelial cells
- interact with the chemokine receptors on the surface of rolling leukocytes
- This triggers activation of intergrin on the surface of leukocytes
- This enables rolling leukocytes bind to VCAMs and ICAMs
on the inner surface of vascular endothelial cells
- This enables rolling leukocytes bind to VCAMs and ICAMs
on the inner surface of vascular endothelial cells
- This triggers activation of intergrin on the surface of leukocytes
- interact with the chemokine receptors on the surface of rolling leukocytes
- Chemokines (IL-8) at the inner suface of endothelial cells
- 3) Diapedesis + Migration
- Following the binding, diapedesis take place; leukocytes cross
through the intact walls of the vascular endothelial cells and
basement membrane
- And migrate to the infection site
- Following the binding, diapedesis take place; leukocytes cross
through the intact walls of the vascular endothelial cells and
basement membrane
- 1) Rolling adhesion
- chemokine: I(V)CAM-1
- Mast cell
- 1) Damaged mast cell releases histamine
- 2) Histamine diffuses into capillaries
- 3) Histamine causes capillaries to dilate and leaky,
while complement proteins attract phagocytes
- 4) Plasma and phagocytes move from capillary to the infection site
- 5) Phagocytes engulf bacteria + dead cells
- 6) The signalling of histamine and complement stop
- phagocytes are no longer moving to the infection site
- The tissue returns
- The tissue returns
- phagocytes are no longer moving to the infection site
- ie. IL-1 and TNF-alpha
- 1) Damaged mast cell releases histamine
- Selectin + Chemokines + serpentin receptor adhesion
- Involve...
- Other recruitment
- Plasma entering the tissue
- Complement proteins
- bacteria in plasma activates complement
- causes
- cell lysis
- WBC chemotaxis
- cell lysis
- causes
- acts with Beta defensins
- bacteria in plasma activates complement
- Antibodies
- Opsonisation occur to bacteria in extracellular
- then ingestion by macrophage
- + cell lysis
- then ingestion by macrophage
- Cell lysis
- Neutralisation of virus / toxins
- then ingestion by macrophages
- then ingestion by macrophages
- Immoblisation of microbes
- Agglutination of microbes
- defn: binding antigens to its
corresponding antibody
- defn: binding antigens to its
corresponding antibody
- blocking microbial adhesion
- Opsonisation occur to bacteria in extracellular
- Lysozyme
- Breaks down peptidoglycan with metalloprotease
- Breaks down peptidoglycan with metalloprotease
- Platelets and clotting factors
- i) Stoppage bleeding
- ii) Localisation of infection
- means restrict the spreading of infection
- means restrict the spreading of infection
- WBC chemotaxis
- chemotaxis defn:
- movement of WBC in response to chemical stimulus
- movement of WBC in response to chemical stimulus
- chemotaxis defn:
- i) Stoppage bleeding
- Beta-defesins
- Alter cytoplasmic membrane
- Alter cytoplasmic membrane
- Nutrients
- Feed inflammed tissue
- Feed inflammed tissue
- Transferring
- Traps iron
- Traps iron
- Complement proteins
- Cells entering tissue
- Basophils
- release histamine
- Further promote inflammation
- Further promote inflammation
- release histamine
- Eosinophils
- moderation of inflammatory response
by low affinity IgE receptor
- Release lytic mediators on parasitic
surface and affects inflammatory process
- moderation of inflammatory response
by low affinity IgE receptor
- Neutrophils
- synthesis inflammation mediator
- synthesis inflammation mediator
- B lymphocytes
- Differentiate into plasma cells
- Produce antibodies
- Produce antibodies
- Differentiate into plasma cells
- T lymphocytes
- Release cytokines
- Release cytokines
- Monocytes
- Become macrophages
- process antigens + release chemokines
- IL1-beta
- IL6
- IL12
- CXCL8
- TNF-alpha
- IL1-beta
- process antigens + release chemokines
- Become macrophages
- Basophils
- Plasma entering the tissue
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