Intrapersonal/Interpersonal

Intrapersonal/Interpersonal

1. INTRAPERSONAL

   • SELF CONCEPT
     • self opinion
     • How others see us
     • qualities & abilities compare with others
     • match up our personal self concept with a sense of an ideal self
     • Influenced by Self Image & Self Esteem
     • Developing
       • Reflected Appraisal Theory
         • Considers development of self-concept based on feedback from (significant) others
       • Social Comparison Theory
         • Self-concept shaped by chosen reference groups or individuals, to compare our performance against
     • Self awareness
     • Personal Branding
       • Celebrity
       • Business
       • Politics
       • HOW?
         • 1. Review the brand: list the key words or phrases people use to describe you
         • 2. Engage with social media
         • 3. Keep in touch with former employers
         • 4. Make use of recruitment consultants
         • 5. Network.
         • 6. Consider your self presentation strategies
   • BIG 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS
     • Extroverted Vs introverted
     • Agreeable Vs antagonistic
     • Neurotic vs stable
     • Conscientiousness Vs undirected
     • Open Vs not open
   • LOCUS OF CONTROL
     • Internal Locus
       • See themselves as having some control over what happens to them
       • Assertive, satisfied with their lot in life
     • External Locus
       • What happens to them is beyond their control
       • Perceive themselves as powerless, dissatisfied with their lot in life
   • COMMUNICATION STYLES
     • Dominant
       • Controlling
       • Assertive
       • Competitive
       • Self assured
       • Enthusiastic
       • Businesslike
     • Dramatic
       • Manipulative
     • Animated

2. INTERPERSONAL

   • Face-to-face & mediated
   • multi-contextual
   • Establishing & maintaining relationships
   • Networking in & outside
   • The ability to communicate in a personally effective & socially appropriate manner
   • CLIMATE
     • the “social tone” or the way people feel
     • Trust - key factor
     • Positive
       • CONFIRMING/AFFIRMING
         • Actively listening, paying attention, asking questions, empathy, self disclosure
     • Negative
       • DISCONFIRMING
         • Argumentativeness, bullying, uncaring, aggression
   • Schwartz’s Values Model
     • Openness to change – motivation to pursue innovative ways
     • Conservation – motivation to preserve the status quo
     • Self-enhancement – motivated by self-interest
     • Self-transcendence – motivation to promote welfare of others and nature
   • ROKEACH’S VALUES MODEL
     • Terminal
       • Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime
     • Instrumental
       • Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values
   • THEORIES
     • INFERENCE
       • People draw conclusions or make inferences about others on the basis of unconscious and sometimes past stereotyping experience
       • Identification Rules – judgement of people is based on particular characteristics: age, nationality, race, gender
       • Association Rules – associate above characteristics with other characteristics: intelligence = success
     • IMMEDIACY
       • Individuals are more attracted to those living close & share similar values & beliefs
     • SOCIAL EXCHANGE
       • Evaluating relationships by taking into account a ratio of their rewards to their costs
         • status benefits, self esteem, happiness, satisfaction
       • Relationships that cost more are likely to dissipate over time
     • UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION
       • Primary concern - reduce uncertainty
       • An attempt to predict and explain the future of a relationship
       • As the ability to predict relationship outcomes decreases, uncertainty increases
     • COMMUNICATION ACCOMMODATION
       • The ability to adjust, modify or regulate one’s behaviour in response to another
       • multiple levels & styles of communication
       • Usually done unconsciously
       • Inappropriate or insufficient adjustment can result in communication breakdown
     • ROLE THEORY
       • Each with a set of expected behaviours and attitudes
       • People have more than one role at any given time.
       • IMPRESSION FORMATION
         • We develop evaluations of others from limited, external information
         • Partly based on the stereotypes the perceiver holds
         • Often initially based on outwards appearance cues
         • Initial impressions form base-line comparison for subsequent impressions
   • ASSERTIVENESS
     • 1. You win - I win
       • Expressing in honest, direct, non-destructive way
       • Standing up for your rights while respecting others
       • Emotionally honest, direct & expressive
   • NON ASSERTIVE
     • 3.You win – I lose
       • Avoid expressing needs, ideas, emotions
       • Avoid ‘unpleasant’ situations
       • Emotionally dishonest, inhibited & self denying
   • AGGRESSIVE
     • 2. I win – you lose
       • intent to hurt, dominate, humiliate
       • Self-defeating & defensive
   • LISTENING STYLES
     • People-oriented listening - focus on areas of common interests, taking into account the moods and emotions of others (women)
     • Action-oriented listening - prefer to receive concise, organised and relevant information, presented in a logical and accurate way
     • Content-linked listening - attracted to complex, detailed and challenging information, and tend to enjoy thinking deeply about things.
     • Time-focused listening - conscious of time, preferring to place time limits on discussions with others, tending to interrupt if others are taking too long to get to the point

3. EMPATHY

   • The capacity to participate in the feelings of others
   • When appropriate, use your own self disclosures to communicate your understanding (beware platitudes)
   • engaged in moral judgments
   • Moral dilemmas involve potential victims
   • Psychopaths can be both charming & completely without remorse

4. SELF DISCLOSURE

   • More likely to occur in positive communication climates
   • Extent of self disclosure depends , self image, trust & social context
   • Sharing personal thoughts & feelings
   • Organisational peers
     • INFORMATIONAL PEERS
       • Acquaintances who dont know one another very well
     • COLLEGIAL PEERS
       • Work mates who interact regularly & are more than acquaintances but may not share intimate details
     • SPECIAL PEERS
       • Good friends who would remain so even if they no longer worked together
   • JOHARI WINDOW
     • OPEN/ARENA - known to u & others
     • Blind self- known only to others
     • HIDDEN/FACADE - known only to you
     • UNKNOWN SELF - unknown to you & others

5. NETWORK THEORY

   • social structures created by communication between individuals & groups
   • CONNECTEDNESS – there are relatively stable pathways of communication among individuals & groups

6. FRAMING & REFRAMING

   • FRAMING
     • A point of view or perception in an interaction – the way we package a message
     • Consider context
   • REFRAMING
     • A set of techniques used to create new perspectives on issues and eliminate counterproductive toxic language
     • Create new and neutral perspectives on problems
     • Shift attention away from positions and towards interests
     • Shift attention away from individual and mutually exclusive goals and towards superordinate or shared goals

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