nucleophillic substitution

Description

aqa as level chemistry unit 2
Pia Ricioppo
Mind Map by Pia Ricioppo, updated more than 1 year ago
Pia Ricioppo
Created by Pia Ricioppo over 9 years ago
21
1

Resource summary

nucleophillic substitution
  1. theory
    1. as halogens have a greater electronegativity than crabon the c-halogen bond becomes POLAR so on one end its delta positive (electron defiencent) and on the other its delta negative (electron rich)
    2. nucleophiles
      1. they are electron pair donors (want to give away the electrons)
        1. possess atleast one lone pair of electrons
          1. doesnt have to possess a negative charge
            1. attracted to slightly postive carbons.
            2. key examples
              1. hydroxide ion;
                1. produces alchols
                  1. the reagent is aqueous sodium (potassium) hydroxide
                    1. conditions reflux.
                    2. cynaide
                      1. the reagent is aqueous potassium or sodium cynaide
                        1. the condition is refulx aq.
                          1. the product is a nitrile
                          2. ammonia
                            1. the reagent is aqueous ammonia
                              1. the conditions are aq (sealed tube)
                            2. defonitions
                              1. nucleophile; an electron pair donor
                                1. substitution; replacement of halogen with carbon
                                  1. hydrolysis; splitting up a molecule using water.
                                  2. key points;
                                    1. nucleophiles have a one pair of electrons
                                      1. carbons restricted to 8 electrons in outershell the bond must be disremoved or broke if more are bonded.
                                        1. c-halogen bond breaks heterolytically
                                          1. second curly arrow shows shared pair of electrons moving onto halogen
                                          2. the carbon halogen bond polar.
                                            1. the curly arrows drawn from from lone pair to carbon
                                              1. halogen has its own electrons aswell as carbon electrons and becomes a charged hallide.
                                            Show full summary Hide full summary

                                            Similar

                                            The Chemistry of the Haloalkanes
                                            Bee Brittain
                                            Atoms and Reactions
                                            siobhan.quirk
                                            Biology : Basic Terms
                                            Paul Fisher
                                            OCR AS Biology - Lipids
                                            Chris Osmundse
                                            MCAT Review: Human Skeletal System
                                            toronto416
                                            Science Unit 1 (UK GCSE EDEXCEL)
                                            themarkkiley
                                            Animal Farm
                                            010534
                                            med chem 2
                                            lola_smily
                                            C1:Making Crude Oil Useful (Science-GCSE)
                                            Temi Onas
                                            Biology -B2
                                            Sian Griffiths
                                            AS Biology Unit 1
                                            lilli.atkin