Congestive heart Failure

Congestive heart Failure

1. Etiology

   • Hypertension
   • Myocardial infarction
   • Coronary heart disease
   • Age & Gender
   • Family History
   • Diabetes & Obesity

2. Classification

   • High & low ejection fraction
   • Systolic & Diastolic
   • Acute and chronic

3. Diagnosis

   • Physical Examination
   • History

4. Tests

   • Echocardiogram
   • Chest X-ray
   • Blood test
   • ECG
   • Cardiac Catheterization

5. Pathophysiology

   • Left sided heart failue
     • Causes
       • Ischemia
       • Hypertension
       • MI
       • nsionhyperte
         • Myocardial Infarction
           • Ischemia
     • effect
       • Pulmonary congestion
         • Decreased cardiac output
           • hypoperfusion /Chest pain/dizziness
         • Coughing/Edema/crackles
   • Right sided Heart Failure
     • Causes
       • Left sided HF
       • Left to right shunts
       • Chronic lung disease
     • Effects
       • Juglar Vein distention / Hepatosplenomegaly / liver cirrhosis / Pitting Edema

6. Management

   • non-Pharmacological
     • Monitoring
       • Sodium Intake
       • Fluid Intake
     • Excercise
   • Pharmacological
     • Increase function of the heart
       • Adrenergics
       • Inotropics
       • B-adrenergic blockers
     • Decrease load on the heart
       • Diuretics
       • ACE-I
       • ARBs
       • Vasodilators
       • Aldosterone Antagonist

7. Alterations

   • Chronic Kidney Disease
     • Low GFR
       • incresed levels of K+,Creatinine and Urea
         • Alterations in NA+/water balanmce
     • Pathophysiology
     • Etiology
       • Diabetes
         • Hypertension
           • Lupus
             • Kidney injury
   • Pulmonary Edema
     • pathophysiology
       • excess water in lung
         • dyspnia
           • hypoxemia
             • orthopnea
               • increased work of breathing
     • Etiology
       • left sided heart failure
         • ARDS
           • inhalation of toxic gases