CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS

CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS

1. CONSONANTS SOUNDS

   • PLACE OF ARICULATION
     • BILABIAL: constriction at the lips.
       • example: [b] - bean , [w] - week
     • LABIO-DENTAL: only the lower lip and additionally upper teeth
       • example: [f]-fun, [v]-love
     • DENTAL: tounge immediately behind the upper fornt teeth
     • ALVEOLAR: obstruction at the alveolar ridge
       • example: [t]-tone , [d]-duck
     • PALATO ALVEOLAR: hard palate and alveolar ridge
       • example:[∫] - shop , show
     • PALATAL:Tongue toward hard palate
       • example : [j] - you , yes
     • VELAR: obstruction at the velum
       • example: [k] - car , [g] - gold
     • GLOTTAL: Obstruction at the glottis
       • example: [h] - hug, home
   • MANNER OF ARICULATION
     • APPROXIMANT : No complete closure.
       • example: [l] - low , [w] - win
     • AFFRICATE: A stop of airflow followed by a prolonged release with only a narrow opening
       • example: [tʃ] - which, [dʒ] - jungle
     • PLOSSIVE: A complete stop of the airflow followed by a release.
       • example: . [p]- place, [d]- drink, [t]- tea
     • NASAL: The velum is lowered – open passage from the oral to the nasal cavity
       • example: [m]- monday, [n]-neck
     • FRICATIVE: The air passes through slight opening
       • example: [f]- fun, [v]-vacation, [s]- soap, [z] -zero
   • VOICED AND VOICELESS
     • VOICED :Sounds produced with vibration
       • example: [b]- bird, [m]-monday, [w]-wood
     • VOICELESS: No vibration of vocal cords.
       • example: [p]- push, [f]- fund

2. VOWEL SOUNDS (almost always voiced)

   • VOWEL FRONTNESS
     • Frontness refers to the horizontal position of the tounge in relation to the front or back of the mouth. There are 3 variations of frontness: Front, Central and Back
       • Front: the front vowel are producted by the placement of the tounge tip in various positions from the upper incisors( the front cutting teeth) to the lower ones
         • example: [i:]-feed, [i]-fitness, [æ]-bag
       • Central: the central vowel is produced when the tounge is resting in a neutral position in the oral cavity
         • example: [ə]- ago, [3:]-work
       • Back: back vowel are produced when the back part of the tounge is moved up or down in the velar area
         • example: [^]-fun ,[a:]-bar, [ɒ]-sorry, [ɔː]-door, [u:]-food
   • CLOSENESS/ HEIGHT
     • The closseness category refers to the position of the mandible (open or close); while the Height of vowel refers to the vertical position of the tounge towards the palatal area ( low or high)
       • MID vowels: is use s middle position of the mandible with the tongue being located in central position of the palatal area and the floor of the mouth
         • example: [ə] - ago
   • ROUNDING
     • Rounding refers to the position of the lips during the production of the vowel. The two lip position are : Rounded and Unrounded
       • Rounded vowels produced in the rounded position require the lips to be open and protruded to some degree
         • example: [ɒ]-sorry, [ɔː]-door, [u:]-food, [ʊ]-foot
       • Unrounded vowels produced in the unrounded position require the lips to be spread and the corners of the mouth retracted to varying degrees
         • example: [i:]-feed, [i]-fitness, [æ]-bag, [a:]-bar, [^]-fun, [3:]- work , [ə] - ago