Mechanisms

Description

A Level Chemistry Mind Map on Mechanisms, created by Daniel Scutt on 09/03/2015.
Daniel Scutt
Mind Map by Daniel Scutt, updated more than 1 year ago
Daniel Scutt
Created by Daniel Scutt about 9 years ago
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Resource summary

Mechanisms
  1. Free Radical Substitution
    1. Initiation
      1. UV light or +300C causes the covalent bond to break (fission).
        1. Hetrolytic Fission is unequal splitting of the electrons due to 2 different elements ( EG; H-Cl )
          1. Homolytic Fission is equal splitting of the electrons due to 2 identical elements ( EG: Cl-Cl )
          2. This forms 2 Radicals
            1. After initiation the reaction doesn't require any more energy input
            2. Propagation
              1. In this case, the Chlorine Radical reacts with the methane,
                1. Forming HCl and a Methyl Radical
                  1. Which then splits another Chlorine Molecule into 2 Radicals
                  2. Termination
                    1. This is when 2 Radicals bond to form a compound or molecule only
                      1. No new radicals are formed
                      2. This reaction can produce Haloalkanes
                      3. Elimination
                        1. Conditions needed:
                          1. High Temperatures
                            1. Concentrated Hydroxide Ions
                              1. Ethanol as the solvent
                              2. This reaction causes Haloalkanes to turn into a Water molecule, a Halogen Ion and an Alkene
                              3. Electrophilic Addition
                                1. Can change Alkenes to Haloalkanes
                                  1. An Electrophile is a species than can accept a pair of electrons
                                    1. The Pi bond is broken when the electrophile gets close to it
                                      1. A Di-Halogen Alkane is formed is a Halogen molecule is the electrophile
                                      2. Nucleophilic Substitution
                                        1. A Nucleophile is a species that is attracted to an electron defiecient centre, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a dative bond
                                          1. Conditions needed:
                                            1. warm temperatures
                                              1. Aqueous Nucleophile ions
                                                1. Dilute Solutions
                                                2. Hydroxide ions and Haloalkanes form Alcohols
                                                  1. Cyanide Ions and Haloalkanes form Nitrilles
                                                    1. Excess Ammonia and Haloalkanes form Amines
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