Mind map
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Mind map: the immune system
Map content
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
INNATE IMUNITY
- characteristics
- present before any exposure
- @ birth
- nonspecific (small set of receptors)
- rapid response
- external barriers
- skin/exoskeleton
- low pH
- mucous membrane secretions
- urinary
- respiratory
- reproductive
- MUCUS> traps microbes
- hostile enviro to microbes
- tears
- saliva
- skin/exoskeleton
- internal cellular/chemical defences
- phagocytic cells
- HEMOCYTES in invertebrates
- vertebrates
- recognizes pathogens by TLRs
- white blood cell eats microbe > fuses w/lysosome to destroy it
- recognizes pathogens by TLRs
- NEUTROPHILS engulf & destroy
- MACROPHAGES found all over
- DENDRITIC CELLS stimulate adaptive i.
- eosinophils discharge destructive enzymes
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
- circulate in body & detect abnormal cells
- release chemicals > apoptosis
- circulate in body & detect abnormal cells
- antimicrobial proteins
- lysozyme
- INTERFERON interferes w/virus, helps activate macrophages
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM causes lysis & helps trigger inflammation
- inflammatory response
- MAST CELLS release HISTAMINES
- blood vessels dilate
- neutrophils phagocytosize pathogens
- blood vessels dilate
- activated macrophages & neutrophils > CYTOKINES (enhance immune response)
- local vs. systemic
- septic shock
- MAST CELLS release HISTAMINES
- phagocytic cells
- characteristics
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- characteristics
- develops after exposure
- v. specific (vast array of receptors)
- slower response
- humoral response
- antibodies vs. pathogens in body fluids
- H-T cell binds to pathogen via class II MHC
- cytokines from H-T cells > B cell proliferates
- makes memory B cells & PLASMA CELLS (antibody-secreting effectors)
- cytokines from H-T cells > B cell proliferates
- H-T cell binds to pathogen via class II MHC
- B cell a.r. binds to antigen
- cells secrete ANTIBODIES (Ig)
- similar to b antigen receptors only not attached to the b cell
- marks pathogen for destruction
- opsonization (making targets for phagocytosis
- antigen-antibody complex + complement protein > complement protein activation > pores > lysis
- bind to pathogen surface proteins to prevent infection
- bind to toxins in fluids to stop them from entering body cells
- classes of Ig
- IgD: membrane bound
- IgM: 1st soluble produced
- igG: 2nd soluble, must abundant
- IgA & IgE: soluble
- light vs heavy regions
- variable vs. constant regions
- cells secrete ANTIBODIES (Ig)
- antibodies vs. pathogens in body fluids
- relies on T (thymus) and B (bone) LYMPHOCYTES
- ANTIGEN substance that causes response from T/B cell
- ANTIGEN RECEPTOR on T/B cells activate them when they come into contact w/pathogens
- EPITOPE bit of antigen that binds to antigen receptor
- ANTIGEN substance that causes response from T/B cell
- cell mediated response
- CYTOTOXIC T CELLS vs infected body cells
- helper T cell cytokines
- recognize frag of foreign proteins from infected cells
- bind to class I MHC
- secretes proteins that disrupt membranes of target cells > apoptosis
- bind to class I MHC
- recognize frag of foreign proteins from infected cells
- helper T cell cytokines
- alpha and beta chains
- variable vs constant regions
- t cells bind to antigen fragments displayed/presented in host cell (ANTIGEN PRESENTATION0
- MHC MOLECULES host proteins that display antigen bits
- CYTOTOXIC T CELLS vs infected body cells
- B & T cell development
- diversity of lymphocytes & receptors
- rearrangement of same gene > variety of chains
- self tolerance
- lymphocytes tested for receptors that may be spec. to body's own molecules > apoptosis /nonfunctional if positive
- proliferation
- CLONAL SELECTION
- immunological memory
- EFFECTOR CELLS act immediately
- MEMORY CELLS make effector cells if antigen is encountered again
- PRIMARY vs. SECONDARY immune response
- diversity of lymphocytes & receptors
- HELPER T CELLS trigger both h and c-m responses
- signals from H-T > antibodies > pathogens neutralized + T cells activated
- ANTIGEN PRESENTING-CELLS have MHC molecules
- MHC binds to helper T cell
- H-T cell activated
- proliferates & forms clone
- activates appropropriate B cells
- proliferates & forms clone
- H-T cell activated
- signals from H-T > antibodies > pathogens neutralized + T cells activated
- active vs passive
- ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- naturally develops from memory cells
- or from IMMUNIZATION/ VACCINATION
- PASSIVE IMMUNITY
- immediate, short-term
- mother > fetus via placenta/ breast milk
- artificially injecting antibodies
- ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- characteristics
Information
- Description
- the immune system, from the Campbell AP Bio book, 9th (?) edition
- Created by
- mia820
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