2441389
Polymer Revolution
- Addition Reactions of Alkenes
- Alkenes are UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
- Cn H2n
- Double bond
- Two double bonds = -diene
- Cn H2n
- Test for unsaturation = Bromine
water - red/brown to colourless
(dibromoalkane)
- Example of electrophillic addition
- Example of electrophillic addition
- Producing alkanes
- Add Hydrogen
- Nickel catalyst at 150C and
high pressure OR platinum
catalyst at room
temperature and pressure
- Double bonds opens up to hold Hydorgen
- Add Hydrogen
- Electrophillic Addition
- Electrophiles - electron pair acceptors
- Positively charged ions
- Polar molecules
- Positively charged ions
- Electrophiles - electron pair acceptors
- Alkenes are UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
- Alcohols and Other Organic Coumpouds
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Strongest intermolecular force
- Higher melting and boiling points
- More energy needed to overcome bonds
- More energy needed to overcome bonds
- Higher melting and boiling points
- Only happens when H bonds to F,O,N
- As they are very
ELECTRONEGATIVE
- As they are very
ELECTRONEGATIVE
- Bond is so POLARISED +
hydrogen has such a high
charge density as it is so
small
- Hydrogen forms strong bonds with lone pairs on F,O,N
- Hydrogen forms strong bonds with lone pairs on F,O,N
- Examples
- -OH
- Ammonia + water
- -NH
- -OH
- Ice is less dense than water
- Ice - max no. of Hydrogen bonds
- Lattice structure 'wastes' space
- Ice melts - bonds break - lattice breaks down - molecules fill space
- Ice - max no. of Hydrogen bonds
- Causes some polymers to dissolve in water
- Polym
- Polym
- Strongest intermolecular force
- Polymers
- Addition Polymerisation
- Double bond in alkenes opens up and joins with other alkenes to form a long chain
- Poly(ethene)
from ethene
- Double bond in alkenes opens up and joins with other alkenes to form a long chain
- Copolymers
- Made from more than one type of monomer
- Join together in a random order
- Made from more than one type of monomer
- Monomers
- Always have double bonds
- Poly(alkanes) - unreactive
- Always have double bonds
- Cross-linking
- Thermoplastic polymers
- no cross-linking
- weak intermolecular forces
- easy to melt
- can be melted and
remoulded as many
times as you want
- cools and hardens to form a shape
- no cross-linking
- Thermosetting polymers
- 3D giant covalent structures
- don't soften when heated
- strong
- covalent cross-links
- hard
- rigid
- insoluble
- 3D giant covalent structures
- Thermoplastic polymers
- Uses
- Poly(chloroethene) - flexible, durable, water pipes, insulation
- Polystyrene - cheap, light, good insulator, crash helmets
- Perspex - transparent, strong, used in place of glass
- Poly(tetrafluoroethene) PTFE - chemically inert, non stick frying pans
- Poly(chloroethene) - flexible, durable, water pipes, insulation
- Addition Polymerisation
- E/Z Isomerism
- Stereoisomerism
- Def: Same structural formula but different arrangement in space
- Single bond - atoms can rotate freely
- Double bond - Atoms can't rotate or bend
- Is rigid
- Is rigid
- Def: Same structural formula but different arrangement in space
- Cis-Trans Isomers
- Cis = E Isomers
- Trans = Z Isomers
- Cis = E Isomers
- Each group linked to carbon has different priority
- Br has a higher priority than F
- CH3 has a higher priority than H
- If two carbons have
their higher priority
groups on OPPOSITE
sides, it is an E isomer
- If two carbons have
their higher priority
groups on SAME
sides, it is an Z isomer
- Br has a higher priority than F
- Stereoisomerism
- Infrared Spectroscopy
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