2480780
Mind Map by BethanMayStevenson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by BethanMayStevenson
almost 6 years ago
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Description
Language Change
Theorists
1 Norman Fairclough
1.1 Conversationalist
1.1.1 Spoken language
drives change in
written mode
1.2 there have been 'shifting
boundaries between written and
spoke discourse practises and a
rising prestige and status for
spoke language'
2 Jean Aitchison
2.1 describes attitudes
to language change
using metaphors
2.2 parodies of prescriptivism
2.2.1 damp spoon
parody
2.2.2 crumbling castle parody
2.2.3 infectious disease parody
3 Dennis Freeborn
3.1 similar to Aitchison
3.1.1 parodies prescriptivism
3.2 describes trends in
Spoken language
change
3.3 3 main views
3.3.1 incorrectness view
3.3.1.1 all accents are
correct compared
to SE and RP
3.3.1.2 Freeborn refutes this-
RP standard due to
fashion and convention
3.3.2 ugliness view
3.3.2.1 some accents
don't sound
nice
3.3.2.2 linked to stereotypes
and negative
connotations
3.3.2.3 least-liked accents often
found in poorer urban areas
3.3.3 inprecisness view
3.3.3.1 lazy and sloppy accents
3.3.3.2 e.g. estuary English
4 Howard Giles
4.1 Accomodation Theory
4.1.1 Speakers adjust their speech
to accomodate others
4.1.1.1 showing need for approval
4.1.1.1.1 convergence
4.1.1.2 some exaggerated accent in
order to distance selves from
others, reinforcing identity
4.1.1.2.1 divergence
5 informalisation
5.1 the general belief that language is
getting increasingly informal over
time
6 Standardisation
6.1 process that occured throughout late
Modern Period where rules of spelling,
punctuation and grammar were
standardised
6.2 standardised to resemble English as
we know it, following printing press and
emergence of dictionaries and
grammar guides
6.3 context
6.3.1 William Caxton's
printing press- 1476
6.3.2 Samuel Johnson's
Dictionary- 1755
6.3.3 first fascicle of
OED published-
1884
7 Prescriptivism vs Descriptivism
7.1 Prescriptivits
7.1.1 believe that there's
a 'correct' way to
speak and write
English
7.1.1.1 judge
non-standard uses
as inferior to SE
and RP
7.1.2 Jonathan Swift was a
prescriptivist
7.2 Descriptivism
7.2.1 describe changes in English
using non-judgemental/
neutral terms
7.2.2 David Crystal
is a good
example of this
8 William Labov (1963)
8.1 'Martha's Vineyard Research'
8.1.1 suggested we subconsciously
change our language to suit
ourselves with one group rather
than another
9 Searle (1976)
9.1 5 different groups of semantics
9.1.1 assertives
9.1.1.1 state/ suggest/ boast
9.1.2 directives
9.1.2.1 order/ demand/ request
9.1.3 commisives
9.1.3.1 promise/ offer
9.1.4 expressives
9.1.4.1 thank/ comiserate
9.1.5 declaratives
9.1.5.1 name things/ appoint