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Oxidative phosphorylation andWarburg effect
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Oxidative phosphorylation andWarburg effect
Oxidative phosphorylation
- Process
- Process performed on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- ATP is produced
- Thanks to the transfer of electrons
- From NADH or FADH2 to oxygen
- Flow from mitochondrial matrix outwards
- Generating protomotor force formed by
- pH gradient
- Transmembrane electrical potential
- Causes the re-entry of electrons to the mitochondrial matrix
- Leading the ATPsintasa complex
- Capable of synthesizing ATP
- Generating 26 to 30 ATP molecules by completely oxidizing glucose
- The speed of oxidative phosphorylation is determined by the need for ATP
- And it is regulated by the level of ADP by "respiratory control"
- Ensures that substrate is not rusted in a useless way
- Because the level of ADP increases when ATP is consumed
- Ensures that substrate is not rusted in a useless way
- And it is regulated by the level of ADP by "respiratory control"
- The speed of oxidative phosphorylation is determined by the need for ATP
- Leading the ATPsintasa complex
- Causes the re-entry of electrons to the mitochondrial matrix
- With electron-directed proton pumps such as:
- NADH - Q Reductase
- Cytochrome reductase
- Cytochrome oxidase
- pH gradient
- Generating protomotor force formed by
- Flow from mitochondrial matrix outwards
- Four complex electron conveyors operate
- I and II catalyze the transfer of electrons to ubiquinone
- Using different electronic dadores
- NADH and Succinate respectively
- Using different electronic dadores
- III carries electrons
- From ubiquinol to cytochrome e
- IV transfers electrons from cytochrome and molecular oxygen
- I and II catalyze the transfer of electrons to ubiquinone
- From NADH or FADH2 to oxygen
- Thanks to the transfer of electrons
- ATP is produced
- Process performed on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- Importance in muscle
- Maintaining contractile activity during exercise depends on the supply of ATP to myosin, Na, K, and Ca sarcoplasmic reticles
- for the production of miofilament force, reuptake and release of Ca during coupling contraction excitation.
- In this process, ATP is ina bit efficient on its own
- Reason why it is complemented by:
- Oxygen-dependent oxidative phosphorylation
- Non-oxygen-dependent substrate-level phosphorylation
- Reason why it is complemented by:
- During exercise, the oxidation of creatine phosphate and glycogen to lactate provide the energy
- Increased muscle glycogenolysis activates glycogen phosphorylase
- Activating the PDH, which converts pyruvate to lactate
- By increased Ca+ and sarcoplasmic inorganic phosphate
- In sub-maximum exercise, the main energy sources are:
- muscle glycogen
- Mainly used in high intensities
- Exercise is insulin synergist regarding glucose uptake by the cell
- Glucose uptake by muscle is done by facilitated diffusion and at three regulatory moments
- 1. Glucose delivery
- 2. Sarcolemia glucose transport mediated by GLUT 4
- 3. Glucose phosphorylation by hexokine and subsequent metabolism
- Glucose uptake by muscle is done by facilitated diffusion and at three regulatory moments
- Exercise is insulin synergist regarding glucose uptake by the cell
- Mainly used in high intensities
- Blood glucose
- Fatty acids
- Mainly used in low intensities
- They have their own moments of control such as:
- Binding to a chaperone protein and its transport in the cytoplasm
- Translocation of fat-transporting proteins into transverse tubule membranes
- Plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm)
- Fatty Acid Transport Protein Family (FATP 1.4)
- Fatty Acid Translohouse Protein (FAT / CD36)
- They have their own moments of control such as:
- Muscle contains large fat reserves in the form of small drops of "intramyocellular lipid" lipid (IMCL)
- They can be degraded for energy intake in aerobic exercise
- The key enzymes in the regulation of muscular lipolysis are:
- ATGL
- HSL
- MGL
- Mainly used in low intensities
- muscle glycogen
- Increased muscle glycogenolysis activates glycogen phosphorylase
- In this process, ATP is ina bit efficient on its own
- for the production of miofilament force, reuptake and release of Ca during coupling contraction excitation.
- Maintaining contractile activity during exercise depends on the supply of ATP to myosin, Na, K, and Ca sarcoplasmic reticles
- Process
Warburg effect
- Effect used by cancer cells to ensure their survival
- Altering metabolism by producing increased glucose absorption and glucose fermentation to lactate
- Even in the presence of functional mitochondria
- Feature proposals
- 1920
- Otto Warburg and colleagues observed that tumors absorb large amounts of glucose and ferment it to lactate
- However, they require oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation
- They say that to kill the tumor you have to remove glucose and oxygen
- However, they require oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation
- Warburg proposes that dysfunctional mitochondria are the cause of the effect and cancer
- Otto Warburg and colleagues observed that tumors absorb large amounts of glucose and ferment it to lactate
- 1970
- Racker said tumor alterations range from:
- Intracellular pH imbalance
- ATPase activity
- Racker, Jeffry, Flier and Morris said aerobic glycolysis is regulated by signaling the growth factor
- Racker said tumor alterations range from:
- Subsequent studies
- Warburg effect is essential in tumor growth
- 1920
- Functions
- Biosynthesis
- It is an adaptation mechanism to support biosynthetic requirements of uncontrolled proliferation
- Because of the excess carbon generated by increased glucose consumption
- Which pass to anabolic pathways
- Nucleotides
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Which pass to anabolic pathways
- Because of the excess carbon generated by increased glucose consumption
- NADP regeneration from NAD+
- Necessary to keep glycolysis active and support cell growth and proliferation
- And to maintain the high energy flow needed for anabolic pathways
- Necessary to keep glycolysis active and support cell growth and proliferation
- It is an adaptation mechanism to support biosynthetic requirements of uncontrolled proliferation
- Tumor microenvironment
- Accelerated glucose metabolism produces:
- Reduction in pH due to high lactate production
- Which can be helpful for cancer cells
- Because hydronium ions can make the environment more prone to invasion
- Altering the tumortroma interface
- By competing for glucose with lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes decrease effecting capacity
- Because hydronium ions can make the environment more prone to invasion
- Which can be helpful for cancer cells
- Reduction in pH due to high lactate production
- Accelerated glucose metabolism produces:
- Cell signaling
- Altered glucose metabolism promote tumorgenesis
- By generating signals that affect other celuare processes
- Generation and regulation of ROS
- Indispensable for the proper functioning of the cell
- Too much
- Damage cell morphology
- In deficit
- Charitable processes for the cell are altered
- As inactivation of PTEN and tyrosine phosphatase
- May be caused by NADH deficiency
- Because the malate shuttle - aspartate fails to fill that deficiency
- Fast-paced NAD+ production
- Affecting the redox potential of the cell and therefore ros homeostasis
- Directly affecting IOS
- Necessary to control tumor proliferation
- Directly affecting IOS
- Affecting the redox potential of the cell and therefore ros homeostasis
- Fast-paced NAD+ production
- Because the malate shuttle - aspartate fails to fill that deficiency
- Charitable processes for the cell are altered
- Too much
- Indispensable for the proper functioning of the cell
- Chromatin status modulation
- Chromatin structure is indispensable in regulating cellular functions
- DNA repair
- Gene transcription
- For histones to acetyle, Acetyl CoA is necessary
- Which is produced by ATP citrate lyase
- Converts citrate into Acetyl CoA
- Acetyl CoA at high levels lead cells to growth phases
- Altered glucose metabolism decreases histone acetylation
- Affecting gene transcription
- Affecting DNA repair
- Altered glucose metabolism decreases histone acetylation
- Which is produced by ATP citrate lyase
- Chromatin structure is indispensable in regulating cellular functions
- Generation and regulation of ROS
- By generating signals that affect other celuare processes
- Altered glucose metabolism promote tumorgenesis
- Biosynthesis
- Altering metabolism by producing increased glucose absorption and glucose fermentation to lactate
- Effect used by cancer cells to ensure their survival
Information
- Description
- Nutrición y Dietética Mind Map on Oxidative phosphorylation andWarburg effect, created by Gabriel Patino Trompetero on 10/10/2020.
- Created by
- Gabriel Patino Trompetero
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