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Lipids and Lipoproteins

Camilo Serrato Carpintero English

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Lipids
- Characteristics
  - Long carbon chains with a terminal carboxyl Group
    - Apolar
      - Not soluble in water
    - highly reduced
      - High energy reservours
    - insulators
    - Slighty acid pH
    - less dense than water
    - oily touch
  - Source
    - Endogenous
      - Tryglicerids
        Storage
      - From glucose and acetil coA
        Palmitate
        Agregation
        Insaturation
    - Exogenous
      - Animal Source
        Feet
        visceral storage
        Liver
        Muscle
      - Plants
        Seeds oil
        Oily fruits
        Avocado
        Coconut
      - essential
        Fat soluble vitamins
        A, D, E, K
        α linolenic
        omega-3
        linoleic
        omega-6
      - Triglycerids
        Storage
      - Cholesterol
        steroid and sexual hormones precursor
- Clasification
  - Sterifiable character
    - Non
      - Steroids
      - Terpen
      - Eucosanoids
    - Sterificables
      - Fatty acids
      - sphingolipids
      - Phosphoglicerids
      - triglycerids
  - Complexity
    - Simple (only Carbon oxygen and hydrogen)
      - Fatty acids
        Insaturated
        Long carbon chains with double bonds
        Healthier
        Vegetal and animal Source
        More flexible
        Types
        Mono, by, poly
        Double bond orientation
        Cis
        Trans
        Eucosanoids
        Poliinsaturated derivations of 20 carbons from Ω 3 and 6
        Types
        Tromboxanes
        related to platelets
        manages the haemostatic
        Hemoconstrictor
        vasoconstrictor
        Prostaglandyns
        vasodilator
        Muscular contraction
        Body heath regulator
        anti platelet aggregation agent
        Leukotrienes
        inflammatory agents
        Smooth muscle contractors
        Saturated
        Long carbon chains with only simple bonds
        animal-based
        rigid
        "less healthy"
        solids at room temperature
      - Triglycerids
        Storage form for the lipids
        Fatty acids chains sterified to Glycerol
        Not located at cell membrane
        Present at the cytosol
        Without polar head
    - Complex
      - Simple lipids with complex molecules attached to them
        Phospholipyds
        Polar phosphate head with one or two fatty acid tales
        Anphipatics
        Types
        Phosphoglycerids
        Esfingolipids
        Cell membrane components
        Isoprenoids
        Derivated from isoprene
        Terpenes
        "Plants steroids"
        Steroids
        Hormones
        ketone bodies
        Acetoacetic acid
        Acetone
        Beta hidroxibutiric acid
        Alternative energy source
- Functions
  - Membrane functions
    - Barrier
    - container
  - Energetic source
    - 9Kcal/g
    - Trought Beta oxidation
      - carbon chain breakage in groups of two
        Acil coA
        Acetil coA
        Krebs cycle
        Odd-numbered chains
        Final group of three carbons
        Substrate for glyconeognesis
  - Heath regulator
    - Brown adipose tissue
  - shock absorber
  - waterproofing
  - insulator
    - transmission of the nerve impulse
  - Messenger
    - Hormones
  - Apolar substances transporter
    - Help with solubility
- nomenclature
  - Δ N A:B
    - N= position of double bonds from carboxyl edge A=Number of carbons ; B: number of double bounds
      - Example
        Δ 9 18:1
        Oleic acid
  - A
    - Position of first double bond from metyl edge
      - Example
        Palmitoleic
        Ω 7
Lipoproteins
- Complex compounds of lipids like cholesterol and gycerol and proteins
  - Used for lipid transportaion at blood tract
    - Absortion and solubility
      - From gut to liver
      - From liver to peripherial tissues
      - From peripherial tissues to liver
  - Nucleus with lipids covered by a membrane of phospholipids, free cholesterol and apolipoproteins
    - Some of them gives identity
- Types
  - A lipoprotein
    - Proaterogenic
    - Not well known function
    - LDL particule with apolipoprotein A
  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
    - Derivated from IDL and VLDL
    - Transport lipids from liver to tissues
    - High serum levels are nocive
    - HIgh fraction of cholesterol
    - susceptible to oxidative stress
    - More permeable to vessels
      - Infiltration
        Aterogenic
  - High density lipoprotein (HDL)
    - "Good cholesterol"
      - Anti aterogenic
      - Anti inflamatory
      - Anti oxidant
      - Anti trombotic
      - Antiapoptotic
    - Clasified by
      - Density
      - size
      - Electric charge
    - High proportion of ohospholipids and cholesterol
    - From tissues to liver
  - intermediate density lipoprotein (ILD)
    - Low serum cocentration
    - Proaterogenic
    - Rich in cholesterol
    - Triglyceride disposal residues
      - At muscle and WAT
  - Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
    - Macromolecular complex
    - High at triglycerids
      - Proportion defines seize of VLDL
    - Produced at liver
    - Transprt lipids to the peripherial tissues
  - Chylomicrons
    - Chylomicron remnants
      - Proaterogénicas
      - High cholesterol
      - chylomicron discharge product
    - Transport absorbed trilycerids from the digestive system
      - Via lymph, cistern of the chylum, thoracic duct, leads to the jugulosubclavian junction
    - Rich in triglycerids
    - size vary on fat proportion at the body
      - Fasting
        Small
      - eating
        Bigger, acording on fat proportion on the food
    - Produced by gut
Lipoprotein lipase
- Hidrolase enzyme
  - Acts at lipoproteins
    - Ester bounds
- Function
  - Brokes transport proteins for suply of triglycerids and fatty acids
    - For lipogenesis and lipidic storages
- Lipases
  - Ezymes in charge of lipid metabolism
- Regulated by
  - Phisic exercise
    - Increase in WAT and Muscle
  - Insuline
    - Postprandial state
      - Increase in WAT
    - Preprandial state
      - Decrease in WAT
  - Genetic transcription
    - Positive regulation in
      - Cardiomiogenesis
      - Adipogenesis
- Asocciated pathologies
  - Obesity
  - severe hypertriglyceridemia
  - Alzheimer
  - Dislipidemy
  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus
  - acute pancreatitis
- Expresed at WAT, Cardiac muscle, Macrofages and muscle

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Description: Mind Map on Lipids and Lipoproteins, created by Camilo Serrato Carpintero on 16/10/2020.
Created by: Camilo Serrato Carpintero · Oct 2020
Updated: Oct 17, 2020
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Lipids and Lipoproteins

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