Changing Settlements in the UK

Urban change in the UK
1. Economic
  1. De-industrialisation - closure of large manufacturing industries (often in the city centre) e.g. Liverpool
  2. Growth of tertiary and quaternary industries e.g. London
  3. Prosperity - more disposable income
  4. Wealth gap - widened leaving pockets of poverty
2. Political
  1. National government policies
    1. 1950s/60s - replacing housing with tower blocks
    2. 1980s - urban development corporations to redevelop certain areas
    3. 2000s - New Deals for Communities - schemes to improve deprived areas
  2. Local government
    1. Makes planning decisions and allocates funding
    2. Maintains communal areas e.g. roads, parks, pathways, leisure facilities
3. Social
  1. More disposable income/time - more leisure facilities
  2. Higher income/better transport - more housing, work and leisure facilities on the rural-urban fringe
  3. Counter-urbanisation - people move to rural areas
4. Demographic
  1. Population growth - more housing, services and businesses needed
  2. Internal migration - people move from places with few jobs to places with more jobs
Changes in urban areas
1. Old industry
  1. 19th century factories, with terraced housing for employees, which have usually been destroyed or regenerated
2. Inner city
  1. Former industrial areas which tend to have the cheapest housing, small shops/services and little open space
3. CBD
  1. Most expensive land - dominated by businesses and with little housing
4. Suburbs
  1. Semi-detached and detached housing, with more open spaces and services - most people here commute to work
5. Rural-urban fringe
  1. Expensive housing, retail parks, business parks, industrial estates and leisure facilities
Rural settlements
1. Remote upland areas
  1. e.g Scottish Highlands
  2. Main employment in primary sector (farming, mining)
  3. Decline due to loss of primary industry/pull of urban areas
    1. Spiral of decline
2. Commuter villages
  1. Outside of the urban fringe but still close to towns and cities
  2. Population has increased because people move in from both rural and urban areas
  3. Improved transport links, cheaper housing and access to leisure/countryside
  4. Services in these villages decline because residents use the services in cities/towns
3. Retirement communities
  1. Mainly coastal towns e.g. in Cornwall
  2. Large proportion of older residents
    1. Old people migrate in - young people migrate out
  3. Retired people want to move away from places of work to more attractive, quieter places
  4. Cheaper housing and specialised services
Contrasting rural areas
1. Cornwall
  1. Good climate
  2. Retirement location for over 50s
  3. Lots of access to the coastline
  4. High house prices
  5. Low income - 25% below average
  6. Poor access to services
2. Scottish highlands
  1. Remote rural area with harsh climate
  2. Population declining
  3. Transport links are poor, with few roads and railway lines
  4. Few jobs, mainly in primary sector
  5. Very few industries and businesses
  6. The economy is vulnerable, it is mostly dependent on agriculture and tourism
  7. Service provision is poor, so people are car dependent
  8. Declining and ageing population - as young people move for better opportunities
  9. Access to countryside
Improving urban areas
1. Impacts of increased housing
  1. Social
    1. Strain on services
    2. Existing residents may not like new ones
  2. Economic
    1. Expensive/takes time for investments to return money
    2. Low-cost housing - which is most needed - isn't very profitable
  3. Environmental
    1. More pollution, waste and traffic
    2. Inevitable building on greenfield sites
2. Regeneration - improving the economy, housing and services of an area
  1. Olympic park - Newham
    1. 7000 temporary jobs, 8000 planned
    2. 8000 new homes (35% affordable)
    3. 4000 trees/45 hectares of habitat
3. Rebranding - giving an area a new image
Making rural areas sustainable
1. Eden project
  1. Attracts visitors though learning experiences, festivals etc.
  2. Research into conservation
  3. Provided £900 million already
2. Greenbelts
  1. Cover 13% of England
  2. Extra planning permission needed to build here
  3. Only environmentally friendly things built
  4. Keeps the sprawl of the city in check
  5. Protects surrounding countryside
  6. Prevents cities from merging
3. National parks
  1. Increase tourism
  2. Promote learning/recreation
  3. Preserves wildlife
    1. National Park Management Plan - enforced by rangers
4. Rural development schemes
  1. The England Rural Development Programme invests money in non-farming activities
  2. Regional Development Agencies give grants

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Changing Settlements in the UK

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	Created by J_McNally about 9 years ago