Biology chapter 2 mindmap

Atoms are made up of
1. Positively Charged Protons
  1. Number of protons is the atomic number, determining which element it is and its placement on the periodic table.
    1. areas on the periodic table help group together similar reacting elements
      1. Noble gases are found on the far right of the periodic table and are inert.
2. Neutral Neutrons
  1. Weighs 1 AMU
    1. Atomic Mass is calculated through adding the # of protons and # of neutrons.
      1. Most elements are named by Atomic mass (ex. C-12)
  2. If the number of protons isn't the same as the number of neutrons, it's an isotope (ex. C-14)
    1. 2 most common types of isotope of Carbon are C-12 and C-14
    2. 3 most common forms of Hydrogen are: H-1, Deuterium, Tritium
  3. Radioactive decay is when a neutron breaks down into a Proton and a highly charged electron. (Ex. C-14 to N-14)
    1. The more energy an electron has, the further away it is from the nucleus.
3. Negatively Charged electrons
  1. If the # of electrons doesn't equal the number of protons, the atom is an ion.
    1. Anion= electrons> protons
    2. Cation = electrons< protons
  2. If a shell is full, the atom is stable, if not the atom is unstable.
Elements to memorize
1. Carbon, C, 6
2. Hydrogen, H, 1
3. Oxygen, O, 8
4. Nitrogen, N, 7
5. Calcium, Ca, 20
6. Phosphorus, P, 15
7. Potassium, K, 19
8. Sulfur, S, 16
9. Sodium, Na, 11
10. Magnesium, Mg, 12
11. Chlorine, Cl, 17
12. Iron, Fe, 26
A Bohr model of an atom shows an atom with electrons orbiting it.
1. A noble gas would have a full shell orbiting it, with no gaps anywhere.
Lewis structures illustrate how electrons are shared with valence electrons being dots and shared electrons being lines
1. Noble Gases have no valence electrons or shared electrons so they are empty.
Atoms bond to satisfy the octet rule (getting a full electron shell)
Given: C, H, O, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Mg, Cl, which will form covalent bonds with other atoms? Why?:P,S,C. Because they are non-metals and because they are closer to Fluorine, meaning that they have a higher electronegativity number, but they aren't strong enough to take the electrons.
1. Given: C, H, O, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Mg, Cl, which will form polar covalent bonds with other atoms. Why?: O, N, H. Because they are on both sides of the extreme of the electronegativity. Two are strong and the other is weak.
  1. Given: C, H, O, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Mg, Cl, which will ionize and why?: Atoms ionize if the electronegativity difference is too great between the elements bonding. A cation is a positive ion (loss of an electron), and an anion is negative (gain of an electron.) Ca, K, Na, Cl.
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. Covalent: the difference is <0.4. Polar covalent: the difference 0.4<1.7. Ionic : >1.7
Chemical reactions typically have reactants on the left and products on the right. But when in doubt, look at the direction the arrow points. If the arrow is pointing away, it's the reactants.
1. reactants are also called substrates.
2. Chemical equilibrium is when the reaction goes back and forth, usually signified by an arrow that points both ways. This keeps products and reactants in balance.
  1. A buffer is a chemical reaction in equilibrium made of a weak acid/base and its conjugate. They exist to purge excess acid [H+] or Bases [OH-]
    1. Our blood buffer system is as follows: CO2(carbon dioxide gas) + H2O(water) <--> H2CO3(carbonic acid) <--> H+ (proton) + HCO3-(bicarbonate).Carbon Dioxide mixes with water to form Carbonic acid which forms an acid - H+ and bicarbonate - a base. If the pH of your blood rises then the carbonic acid breaks into H+ and bicarbonate which lowers the pH. If the pH of your blood falls the H+ combines to form carbonic acid molecules which reduces the number of free H+ and therefore reduces the acidity by then getting rid of CO2 from your respiratory system.
    2. The equation to calculate pH is pH=-log[H+]
Oxidation is when something loses electrons and Reduction is when something gains electrons. Are opposing reactions. But if something oxidizes, you call it a reducing agent and vice versa.
1. OIL RIG stands for Oxidation is loss, Reduction is gain.
A mole is an amount. Specifically, 6.022*10^23 of something. 1 mol/1 Liter = Molarity, the concentration of something.
Some properties of water are Polar(based on electronegativity), Bent(Based on the repulsion of electrons), Cohesive(Hydrogen bonding with other water molecules), Adhesion ( It sicks to other things), solvent (dissolves lots of things), Expanding as it cools, making it less dense (Hydrogen bonding... again), High Specific heat. (Stabilizing), Evaporation (can cool organisms). Without knowing the properties of water, a biologist cannot explain how life exists, as water is vital to its existence.
1. A calorie is how much it takes to heat 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius. This is different from a food calorie. If the oceans raise in temperature by 2 degrees celsius that means enough energy is reaching the ocean to heat every gram by 2 degrees.
2. Capillary action: movement of water within porous material. (Cohesion+adhesion+surface tension) This is an emergent property because it cannot happen on the atomic level, only the molecular as hydrogen bonding AND Polar covalent bonding is what allows for it to happen.
3. Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
4. Water has a bent shape (it is at 109.5 degrees) because it is a polar covalent bond (Hydrogen is slightly positive, Oxygen is slightly negative) Oxygen's Negative charge pushes the Hydrogen away until they repel each other.
  1. Water, having hydrogen (being slightly positive) can bond with another Water molecule's Oxygen in a bond known as "Hydrogen bonding"

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	Created by Nathaniel Parkinson over 3 years ago