The Prairies: 1870-1896

First Nations Peoples in the Northwest (1)
1. During 1870s, there was a fur-trade issue in Ottawa (2)
  1. Companies controlling American fur trade traded strong, cheap liquor (3)
    1. To Native peoples (4)
      1. This caused alcoholism among Native peoples (5)
        Leading to disease, malnutrition and death (6)
2. Canadian government was afraid whisky traders could cause loss of territory to Americans (2)
  1. Government established the North West Mounted Police (3)
    1. In 1873 (4)
    2. The NWMP was a police force and a paramilitary organization (4)
      1. They had to drive out the whisky traders (5)
        In order to get control over all of the North West Territories (6)
        An incident between the whisky traders and Assiniboin people occurred in 1874 (6)
        The NWMP sent 300 officers into the prairies to get Canadian control over the area (7)
        Arrived after whisky traders fled back to the US (8)
      2. Native peoples first thought the NWMP could end lawlessness in the region (5)
3. Canadian government created treaties with Native peoples (2)
  1. Because it wanted to open the area to Canadian and European settlement (4)
    1. Nearly all land by 1870 was held by aboriginal nations (5)
  2. Began negotiating in 1870 (3)
    1. Simpson concluded Treaties 1 and 2 by end of August 1871 (4)
      1. Simpson was an Indian Commissoner (5)
      2. Native Peoples in Manitoba signed away their claim to traditional homeland (5)
        The Cree and Saulteaux still wanted to control 60% of land in Manitoba (6)
      3. Simpson offered 160 acres of land for every family of five (5)
        The Cree and the Saulteaux imposed some conditions (6)
        For land, government agreed to give them farm equipment, supplies and instruction in farming techniques (7)
        Government did not plan to actually do this (8)
        It did not want the Native peoples to be successful farmers (9)
        It did not want them to sell surplus wheat for money (9)
        Natives peoples eventually became completely dependent on the government (9)
      4. Treaty 2 gave government title to forest lands between Lake Winnipeg and Lake Manitoba (5)
    2. Government recruited Catholic missionaries to encourage Native peoples to sign treaties (4)
  3. Introduced Indian Act in 1876 (3)
    1. Native people would need to live on reserves (4)
    2. Native children needed to go to residential schools (4)
Métis Flee Westward (1)
1. Land speculators caused problems (2)
  1. Bought nearly all scrip from the Métis (3)
    1. Métis did not know how much the scrip was worth (4)
    2. Speculators used scrip as collateral for bigger bank loans (4)
      1. Gave them more investment capital (5)
  2. Government threatened imprisonment of Métis (3)
    1. If they did not give their land to speculators (4)
      1. Caused Métis to leave Manitoba in 1870s (5)
        Went to the Northwest (6)
        Some settled close to Fort Edmonton (7)
        Some claimed land near junction of North and South Saskatchewan Rivers (7)
        Some went to Dakota and Montana (7)
2. The Manitoba Act (2)
  1. Passed in 1870 (3)
  2. Welcomed by the Métis (3)
    1. The new legislation seemed to protect their rights (4)
    2. The act made French and English the official languages of Manitoba (4)
    3. Two education systems provided (4)
      1. Protestant (5)
      2. Roman Catholic (5)
    4. 1.4 million acres of land reserved for Métis (4)
      1. To use as farmland (5)
3. Unsmooth transition from settlement to province (2)
  1. MacDonald ordered troops into area (3)
    1. To keep peace (4)
      1. Troops did not act as peace agents (5)
        Acted brutally towards Métis (6)
        Many Métis died from beatings (7)
        Troops were not punished for beating the Métis (6)
  2. Unclear issue of land ownership (3)
    1. Settlers in Manitoba needed scrip (4)
      1. To gain title to land reserved for them (5)
      2. Two kinds of scrip issued to Métis (5)
      3. Money scrip worth $160 (5)
        Same value as a quarter section of land (6)
        Convertible to cash to $160 (6)
Métis in the Northwest (1)
1. Métis created the settlement they had at Red River Settlement (2)
  1. Laid out farms in traditional manner (3)
  2. Catholic church was centre of community (3)
  3. Received income from three sources (3)
    1. Hunting buffalo (4)
    2. Subsistence farming on their land (4)
    3. Hauling freight for HBC (4)
2. Issues occurred in 1870s (2)
  1. Bison began disappearing (3)
    1. Métis greatly relied on bison for income and food (4)
    2. Métis adopted "Laws of St. Laurent" (4)
      1. On December 1873 (5)
      2. Governed every part of their lives (5)
        Hunting rules were strict (6)
    3. Disappeared during winter of 1875-1975 (4)
      1. Métis had less food to eat (5)
3. Lawrence Clark was Chief Factor at Fort Carlton (2)
  1. Got along with the Métis and Europeans (3)
  2. Thought the Métis were inferior (3)
    1. Lowered the Métis standard of living (4)
      1. Hired Métis carriers on temporary contracts (5)
      2. Clarke paid Métis as less as possible (5)
        In 1875, Clarke began paying Métis in trade goods (6)
      3. Used powers as magistrate for benefit of HBC (5)
        Imprisoned the Métis (6)
        Who objected to low pay (7)
        Who tried to strike for higher wages (7)
4. In 1875, a group of Métis began hunting before the official St. Laurent hunt (2)
  1. Dumont arrested and fined those Métis (3)
    1. Participants of incident appealed to Clarke (4)
      1. Clarke issued warrants for arrest of Dumont (5)
        Even though Dumont acted appropriately, the government did not censure Clarke (6)
        The incident broke the Métis's Laws of St. Laurent (7)
        Ottawa began to control the Métis (8)
Northwest Rebellion of 1885 (1)
1. During a negotiation between the Métis and the NWMP, there was violence (2)
  1. Two Métis delegates were shot (3)
  2. Twelve NWMP died in thirty minutes (3)
    1. Twenty-five were injured (4)
  3. This led to the beginning of the rebellion (3)
    1. Center of rebellion was in Batoche and St. Laurent (4)
      1. There was a battle between 1600 militia and less than sixty Métis (5)
        In April (6)
        Militia reached Batoche on May 9 (6)
        Around 725 militia attacked 175 Métis (7)
        Métis kept fighting for three days (8)
        Métis defeated (9)
        Riel captured on May 15 (9)
        Taken to Regina and charged with treason (10)
        Trail occurred on July 1885 (11)
        Found guilty of high treason and hanged on November 16, 1885 (12)
        Riel wanted to show that the Métis were mistreated and were driven into a rebellion (12)
        Placed responsibility of rebellion on Canadian government (13)
        Dumont fled to US (9)
        Spent ten years in exile (10)
        Canadian troops arrested aboriginal leaders who were part of rebellion (10)
        Most were pardoned or spent a short amount of time in prison (11)
2. The Métis wanted to be treated as equals with others in the Northwest (2)
  1. They wanted title to the land they had and financial aid (3)
    1. Canadian government wanted revenue by getting the land sold (4)
3. Canadian government ignored the Métis Bill of Rights (2)
  1. It revealed that the government did not live up to its arrangements for the region (3)
Canadian Pacific Railway (1)
1. MacDonald wanted a British North American nation (2)
  1. Only possible if there was a transportation and communication link (3)
    1. To join every part of British North America (4)
      1. Sir Hugh Allan was an industrialist (5)
        Only one who had enough money to finance a railway (6)
        Allan decided to undertake to build the railway with American backing (7)
        He created the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1871 (8)
2. MacDonald developed the National Policy in 1876 (2)
  1. The policy mainly dealt with three issues (3)
    1. A system of protective tariffs (4)
      1. MacDonald devised a system that would protect Canadian manufacturing, mining and agriculture (5)
        From American dumping (6)
        System made US goods too expensive for Canadian market (7)
    2. Western settlement (4)
      1. MacDonald discouraged development of manufacturing in the West (5)
        So western farmers could be a market for the east (6)
    3. The CPR (4)
      1. MacDonald thought CPR could be part of trading network in British Empire (5)
        By shipping goods to and from Asia (6)
3. Private investors for CPR found in 1880 (2)
  1. George Stephen, Donald Smith and James Hill (3)
    1. Known as the CPR Syndicate (4)
    2. Promised to complete the railway within ten years (4)
      1. Building of CPR began in 1881 (5)
        Hill looked for a new general manager in fall 1881 (6)
        William Van Horne was picked (7)
        Van Horne made construction of railways more efficient (8)
        Five-hundred miles of railway track laid during 1882 (9)
        Five-hundred miles of railway track laid in 1883 (9)
        Railway was completed by fall of 1885 (9)
4. Government subsidy on railroad only paid out as each section of work was completed (2)
  1. In fall 1883, company began running out of cash (3)
    1. Canadian government passed bill giving CPR $22.5 million (4)
5. Thousands of people worked on railway (2)
  1. Endured terrible working and living conditions (3)
    1. Such as dust from dynamite blasts, filth in bunk houses, insects, no plumbing and leaky roofs (4)
      1. No medical facilities (5)
      2. No workers' compensation (5)
    2. Workers had unhealthy diets (5)
      1. Little access to fresh fruits and vegetable in winter (6)
6. Allowed government to react quickly to a crisis (2)

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The Prairies: 1870-1896

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