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Microbial diversity: Protists and Fungi

Raiyan Rafi English

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Protists
- General
  - Kingdom Protists
  - A polyphyletic collection of organisms
  - Mostly unicellular
  - Distribution
    - grow in a wide variety of moist habitats
    - free living
    - chemoorganotrophic
      - recycling nitrogen and phosphorus
    - terrestrial and planktonic forms
    - disease in humans and domesticated animals
  - Morphology
    - Plasma membrane structure
    - Cytoplasm
      - Outer gelatinous ectoplasm
      - Inner fluid region
    - Pellicle structure provides support
- Super Group Excavata
  - Fornicata
    - Microaerophilic protist
      - epidemic diarrhea
      - flagellated and lack mitochondria
    - harmless symbionts except
      - Giardia
        diarrhea
      - Hexamida salmonis
        fish parasite
      - H. meleagridis
        turkey pathogen
  - Parabasilia
    - flagellated animals endosymbionts
    - Lack distinct cytostome
    - phagocytosis to engulf food
    - Two subgroups:
      - Trichonymphida
        release cellulose for digesting
        ecdysone hormone
      - Trichomonadida
        do not required oxygen
        possess hydrogenosomes
  - Euglenozoa
    - fresh water
    - 1/3 photoautotrophic, 2/3 chemoorganotrophs
    - Euglena
      - pellicle
      - red eye spot
      - chlorophylls a and b
- Super Group Amoebozoa
  - Amoeboid motility
  - pseudopods shape
    - lobopodia
    - filopodia
    - reticulopodia
  - binary or multiple fission
- Supergroup Rhizaria
  - Amoeboid
    - filopodia
    - branched
    - simple
    - connected
    - axopodia
  - Stramenopila
    - golden and brown algae
    - öomycetes and labyrinthulids
    - haptophytes
    - Diatoms
      - Chlorophylls and accessory pigments
      - Frustule
      - Asexual division
      - Important in global carbon cycling
  - Alveolata
    - Apicomplexa
      - Parasitic
      - both sexual and asexual phases
      - sporozoite
    - Dinoflagellates
      - marine plankton
      - Nutritionally complex
      - zooxanthellae
      - Trichocysts
    - Ciliophora
      - Chemoorganotrophic
      - both benthic and planktonic communities
      - Use many cilia
        locomotory
        feeding organelles
      - Reproduction
        asexual by transverse binary fission
        sexual by conjugation
- Supergroup Archaeplastida
  - photosynthetic plastid
    - ancient endosymbiosis
    - all higher plants and many algal species are included
The Fungi Eumycota
- General
  - Eukaryotic, spore bearing
  - Chemoorganoheterotrophs
  - Saprophytes
  - Lack chlorophyll
  - Reproduce sexually and asexually
  - Few unicellular, most multicellular
  - Cell walls made of chitin
  - hyphae + mycelium
- Fungal Distribution and Importance
  - Primarily terrestrial, few aquatic
  - pathogenic in plants or animals
  - Some form associations
  - Decomposers
    - degrade complex organic material
      - simple organic compounds
      - inorganic molecules
    - recycle carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other critical constituents
- Ascomycota
  - red, brown, and blue green molds
    - food spoilage
  - some human and plant pathogens
  - some yeasts and truffles are edible
  - some used as research tools
  - Genus Aspergillus
    - A. fumigatus
      - ubiquitous environmental
      - allergies and significant pathogen
    - A. oryzae
      - production of fermented foods
      - important in biotechnology
    - Aspergillus
      - 37 Mb genome, model system
  - Pathogenic
    - Claviceps purpura
      - parasite on higher plants
      - ergotism
    - Candida, Blastomyces , Histoplasma
      - human pathogens
- Basidiomycota
  - sexual reproduction form basidium
  - Impact on Human Beings
    - Decomposers
    - Edible and non edible mushrooms
    - Pathogens of humans, other animals, and plants
  - Urediniomycetes and Ustilaginomycetes
    - Plant pathogens
      - dimorphic
      - “rusts” and “smuts"
- Glomeromycota
  - Aseptate flat hyphae
  - produce large, multinucleate spores
  - only reproduce asexually
  - Major importance
    - form intracellular associations within roots
    - mutualistic relationship
- Zygomycota
  - saprophytes
    - a few are plant and animal parasites
  - industrial importance
    - foods, antibiotics and other drugs, meat tenderizer, and food coloring
  - reproduce
    - reproduce asexually by spores that develop at the tips of aerial hyphae
    - Sexual reproduction - environmental conditions are not favorable
      - compatible opposite mating types
      - hyphae to produce gametes
      - gametes fuse, forming a zygote
      - zygote becomes zygospore
  - Importance of Genus Rhizopus
    - produce tempeh from soybeans
    - Used with soybeans to make sufu curd
    - used to produce anesthetics, birth control, alcohols, meat tenderizers, yellow coloring in margarine
- Chytridiomycota
  - Simplest fungi
    - free living, saprophytic
    - parasitic forms
    - large scale mortality of amphibians
  - Asexual and sexual reproduction
  - Many members degrade cellulose and keratin
  - Microsporidia
    - Obligate intracellular fungal parasites
      - Aquatic birds are common hosts
    - Transitional form is a spore structure
    - Human infections
      - Enterocystozoon bieneusi
        diarrhea
        Pneumonia
      - Encephalitozoon cuniculi
        encephalitis
        Nephritis
      - severe in HIV/AIDS patients

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Description: Mind Map on Microbial diversity: Protists and Fungi, created by Raiyan Rafi on 07/05/2021.
Created by: Raiyan Rafi · May 2021
Updated: May 8, 2021
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Microbial diversity: Protists and Fungi

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