Health Outcome 1

Health Outcome 1

1. Identify when the germinal, embryonic and foetal stages begin and end

   • - Germinal stage: Begins at fertilisation and ends with implantation (implantation starts on day five and ends around day 10/12)
   • - Embryonic stage: Begins at implantation of the blastocyst and ends at the eighth week
   • - Foetal stage: Begins at the ninth week and ends at birth

2. Be able to give at least 2 examples of physical development that takes place during the germinal, embryonic and foetal stages

   • Germinal stage: - Three to four days after fertilisation the zygote takes on a spherical shape known as a morula - After five days the morula transforms to include the outer cell mass (will become placenta) and the inner cell mass (will become embryo)
   • Embryonic stage: - Internal and external organs are formed such as developing face and neck - Limbs start out as buds emerging from the torso and continue to develop
   • Foetal stage: - By the 15th week the sex organs start taking shape - Facial features start to develop

3. Know the main causes of perinatal mortality

   • Relates to the death of babies before birth (over 20 weeks of gestation) and up to 28 days after birth - Congenital abnormalities: birth defects, missing and or ill formed body structures - Spontaneous preterm birth (labour begins early) - Unexplained antepartum death (babies born with no signs of life)

4. What are examples of prenatal morbidity conditions?

   • - Neural tube defects: the casing that encloses the brain and spinal cord, in the third week the neural tubes fuse together and when this doesn’t occur this referred to as a NTD which can lead to morbidity or mortality in unborn babies - Down Syndrome: caused by chromosomal abnormality where instead of the usual two chromosomes on the 21st pair there are three, producing a number of symptoms such as eyes slanting, face rounded but profile flat, stature smaller and grow slower and slowed intellectual development

5. Explain why taking folate supplements is important. Why might the government fortify bread?

   • As the fusing occurs early in pregnancy women should take folate supplements when they begin trying for a baby as it can reduce the risk of Neural tube defects. The government might fortify bread to further reduce the incidence of neural tube defects and further assist in reducing maternal morbidity, maternal mortality, perinatal mortality or congenital abnormalities

6. Identify and explain 2 ways the government (federal) promote the health and human development of pregnant women and their unborn babies.

   • - Medicare: health insurance scheme provides access to medical and hospital services for all Australian residents and certain categories of visitors to Australia either free or low cost treatments. Promotes the health of pregnant women by providing qualified doctors, midwives and obstetricians to help with the birthing procedure ensuring less chance of complications for the mother such as a haemorrhage. Promotes health for the unborn baby by increasing prenatal care which can assist in early detection of issues in the babies development that could require medical intervention such as gestational diabetes
   • - Immunise Australia program: The seasonal influenza vaccine, or “flu shot”, is recommended and funded free for pregnant women under the National Immunisation Program. It is can be given at any time during pregnancy. Women face a high risk of severe consequences if they contract influenza during pregnancy. The flu shot is safe for pregnant women, and provides effective protection for them and their new-born baby for the first six months of their life. Whooping cough can be very severe in very young infants and can cause death. Vaccination of pregnant women with dTpa is the best way to protect infants against whooping cough when they are too young to receive their vaccines recommended from 2 months of age

7. Explain how personal strategies for pregnant women can optimise the health and development of themselves and their unborn baby

   • Personal strategies can optimise the health and development of pregnant women and their unborn baby as it will only have positive effects on the unborn body and the pregnant women to both be at their optimal health. For example keeping vaccinations up to date to keep the mothers health normal and not have a risk of illness which could be passed on to the unborn baby causing severe consequences

8. Explain the role and importance of particular nutrients to the mother and developing baby during pregnancy

   • - Folate: required for blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, cell growth and development of nervous system in the developing baby. The mother needs to consume a sufficient amount of folate to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the unborn baby
   • - Iodine: promotes optimal brain and nervous system development. Pregnant women need to ensure they are seeking sources with iodine otherwise consequence s such as stunted growth and intellectual disability
   • - Iron: increased amounts of oxygen for the developing foetus and increased blood volume. Lack of iron can lead to anaemia, premature birth and low birth weight
   • - Calcium: required for strengthening of bones and teeth, required for developing foetus as well as the maintenance of bone mass for the mother. If not enough is consumed the foetuses requirements will be leached by the mother

9. What is the issue with foods such as soft serve ice-cream and raw seafood? How can this affect a pregnancy?

   • Some foods contain the bacteria listeria monocytogenes which increase the risk of miscarriage, still birth or premature labour, which is why foods such as soft serve ice cream and raw seafood should be avoided as they contain this bacteria

10. Understand the causes of maternal morbidity and be able to provide an example of how they could impact on the health of pregnant women.

    • Conditions that can affect pregnant women include gestational diabetes (characterised by high glucose levels), mental health problems (depression is generally associated with the period after birth), pre-eclampsia (hypertension, protein in urine, fluid retention) and ectopic pregnancy (embryo implants elsewhere in mothers reproductive system)

11. Be able to outline the effects FAS can have on the health of unborn babies and be able to label 5 physical traits

    • Foetal Alcohol syndrome can lead to death before birth, narrow blood vessels in placenta and umbilical cord, premature birth, stillbirth, undernourishment, reduction in oxygen 5 Physical traits=

12. Outline the effect low birth weight can have on an unborn baby

    • Can increase the risk of health and development issues such as risk of infection, respiratory conditions, reduced lung function, feeding difficulties, increased bradycardia (slow HR), jaundice, retina damage etc

13. Identify and explain at least 2 risk and protective factors for a health issue studied

    • - Spina Bifida: when the neural tube in the embryo fails to close properly, sometimes symptoms can be minor but in severe causes and individual could go blind, certain factors can increase or decrease the chances
    • - Gestational diabetes: characterised by high blood glucose levels, effects include high blood pressure, pre term labour, longer hospital stay, increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, increased risk of CVD

14. Maternal mortality

    • pregnancy related death in a mother which is attributed to the pregnancy itself

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