Mind map

Philippine Agriculture

Irene Jael Arado Arado English

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Increasing demand
- Increase efficiency and sustainability
- Advancement of food processing and preservation
- Food preferences stagnant
Same challenges even before the pandemic
- Producing more with less
- Sustainability
- Resiliency from climatic and environmental factors
- Low income and productivity
  - High production costs
  - Cheap imports
Post Covid Recovery
- Industrialization
- Modernization
- Export Promotion
- Legislative support
- Budget & Investment
Land preparation
- Upland Preparation
  - soil moisture near field capacity
    - Tillage
  - Contour plowing
    - reduces erosion
  - Minimum tillage
  - No tillage
- Lowland Preaparation
  - Flooded
    - Plowed
      - Harrowed
  - Soil
    - compacted
    - destroyed
- Systems of planting
  - Square
  - Triangular
  - Quincunx
Planting Methods
- Direct seeding
  - Broadcasting
  - Hill method
  - Drill method
  - Dibble
- Transplanting
  - raised first in a nursery
    - transferred to field
- Ratooning
  - ratoons as the new crop
- Optimum Population Density
  - plants per unit area
  - maximum yield
Water Management
- Rainfall occurrence and intensity is erratic and changing
  - Insufficient water during dry season
  - Too much water during the rainy season
  - Aggravated by El Niño and La Niña
- Lack of water
  - Poor crop stand (poor germination/ low seedling survival), stunted growth
  - Reduction in yield (amount and quality)
  - Predisposes the plants to pests/diseases and nutrient deficiency
- Excess water
  - Too much leaching of nutrients
  - Water-logging of roots
  - Pathogen susceptibility
    - Solution
      - Irrigation
        Surface Irrigation
        Furrow method
        Flooding method
        Basin method
        Sprinkler Irrigation
        Drip System
        Sub-surface irrigation systems
Growth and Development
- Purpose
  - Early flowering
  - Rooting
  - Timing and synchrony
  - control growth direction
  - restrict size
- How
  - Use of chemical Plant Growth Regulators
    - Auxins
      - Guava, Bougainvilla, Blackpepper, Rose, Mussaenda
    - Gibberellins
    - Cytokinins
    - Abcisic acid
    - Ethylene
    - Paclobutrazol
      - Chrysanthemum, Bougainvilla, Mussaenda
  - Physical methods
    - Training
      - Trellising
    - Pruning
      - Preventive
      - Formative
      - Corrective
      - Rejuvenative
        example: overgrown Mango
    - Girdling
    - Smudging
    - Windbreak
      - Height
      - 50% Canopy density
      - Perpendicular to wind
Soil and Nutrient Management
- Problems
  - Leaching
  - Volatilization
  - Erosion
  - Crop nutrient removal
- Proper Soil Management
  - Fertilization
    - How to determine fertilizer needs
      - Field fertilizer trial
      - Nutrient deficiency symptoms
      - Soil analysis
      - Tissue analysis
      - Crop Nutrient Removal
    - Type of fertilizer
      - Synthetic
        mostly inorganic
      - Natural
        manure, compost, etc.
    - Application
      - Broadcast
      - Band or trench
      - Foliar application
      - Fertigation
    - Placement
      - 1 inch below the soil, avoiding the roots
  - Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM)
    - Nutrient Omission Plots
    - Leaf Color Chart
    - Sensors
    - normalized difference vegetative index
Pest Management
- cause Crop Losses
  - decreases economic benefit
- Types of pests:
  - pathogens : fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, mycoplasma, nematodes
  - insects and mites
  - weeds
  - vertebrate pests: rodents
- Integrated Pest Management
  - combination of techniques and strategies with no significant adverse effect on the environment.
  - Varietal resistance
    - resistant/tolerant varieties/cultivars through hybridization and selection
  - Biological control
    - Trichogramma, Bacillus thuringiensis
  - Physico-cultural control
    - Quarantine of infestations
    - attractants
      - example: Methyl eugenol
    - Artificial light
    - Bagging
    - Rat guard of coconut
    - Sanitation
    - Proper spacing & drainage
    - Intercropping
    - Organic farming
    - Anti-microbial plants
- Pesticides
  - Insecticide
  - Fungicide
  - Herbicides
  - Nematicides
  - Rodenticides
Harvesting and Postproduction Technology
- Harvesting methods
  - Priming
  - Stripping
  - Tapping
  - Manual
    - Manual wih conveyor
      - Mechanical
- Maturity Index
  - Visual
  - Phenological / Computational
  - Physical
  - Compositional
- Postpoduction Technology
  - Postharvest handling
  - Primary processing
    - Threshing
    - Shelling
    - Decortication
    - Retting
    - Tuxying
      - "Hagutan"
    - Ginning (cotton)
    - Wet mehod (coffee)
      - Dry Method
        Hulling
    - Copra (coconut)
  - Secondary processing
    - Drying
      - Fermentation
      - Heat sterilization
        Dehydration
        Freezing
  - Postharvest Horticulture
    - Biological processes need to be controlled
      - respiration
        transpiration
        ethylene production
        senescence
    - Postharvest Handling Practices for Perishable Crops
      - Trimming
        Cleaning
        Sorting and Gading
        Waxing/Edible Coating
        Ripening
Cropping Systems
- crop rotation
  - monocropping
  - mixed cropping
  - multiple cropping
- agroforestry
- intercropping
- crop diversification
- Annual crop-based croppin systems
  - Monocropping: Rice-based and Corn-based
  - Intercropping: corn and upland rice
  - Relay cropping:

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Description: Mind Map on Philippine Agriculture, created by Irene Jael Arado Arado on 11/06/2021.
Created by: Irene Jael Arado Arado
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Philippine Agriculture

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