Perspective of the Self

Perspective of the Self

1. Philosophy

   • Cosmo-centric Thinking
     • SOCRATES - Self-Knowledge and Dualism
     • PLATO - Rational/Mind Soul, Spirited Soul, Appetitive Soul
     • ARISTOTLE - Essence provides meaning to the self
   • Theocentric Thinking
     • SAINT AUGUSTINE - the importance of will and our duty to love God
     • SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS - Self–preservation , Just dealings with others , Propagation of species
   • Anthropocentric Thinking
     • DESCARTES - Cogito and Extenza
     • LOCKE - consciousness and memories
     • HUME - self is a bundle of impressions
     • KANT - synthesize all knowledge and experience
     • RYLE - the mind is not the seat of the self
     • FREUD - ID, Ego, and Superego
     • CHURCHLAND - Physical brain
     • MERLEAU-PONTY - Phenomenology of Perception

2. Sociology

   • Mead
     • Preparatory Stage - marked with imitation
     • Play Stage - trial and error; self consciousness
     • Game stage - societal roles and consequences of actions
   • Cooley
     • Looking-glass Self Theory - view ourself as others view us
   • Mauss
     • MOI - basic identity
     • PERSONNE - social concept

3. Anthropology

   • Sociocultural
     • investigates cultural similarities and differences and also beyond time
   • Archeological
     • investigates cultural similarities and differences and also beyond time
   • Biological
     • understand human evolution through fossil, human genetics, growth, and development.
   • Linguistic
     • use and transformation of language in terms of its social and cultural context.

4. Psychology

   • William James
     • I Self - pure ego
     • Me Self - object of experience
   • Carl Rogers
     • Person Centered Theory - self-actualize or fulfill one’s potential and achieve highest level of human beingness.
   • Kenneth Gergen
     • Unified Self - Ego is in the center of the mind, coherent and organized.
     • Multiple Self - human capacity we carry within us from multiple relationships.
   • Donald W. Winnicott
     • True Self - based on a sense of being in the experiencing body
     • False Self - necessary defensive organization, a survival kit, a caretaker self, the means by which a threatened person has managed to survive.
   • Albert Bandura
     • Social-Cognitive Theory - people are self-organizing, proactive, selfreflecting and self-regulating, not just organisms shaped and shepherded by external events

5. Eastern Thought

   • Collectivism
     • Interdependent from their in-groups.
     • Give priority to the goals of their in-groups.
     • In-groups shape behavior.
     • Behave in accordance to the norm.
     • Highly concerned in relationship with others.

6. Western Thought

   • Individualism
     • people are autonomous and independent from their in-groups.
     • Give priority to their personal goals of their in-groups
     • Behave on their basis of attitudes.