Changing the way you learn

Part 2 - Ch 7: Social Structure and Anomie

How social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconforming rather than conforming conduct
PATTERNS OF CULTURAL GOALS AND INSTITUTIONAL NORMS
1. Several elements of social & cultural structures but 2 are most important:
  1. #1 - Cultural goals/objectives
    1. Held out as legitimate objectives for all or diversely located society members
      1. goals, purposes and interests defined by culture
        Integrated and roughly ordered in hierarchy of value
        Make up an aspirational reference - "worth striving for"
        Some are related to man's biological drives but are not determined by them
  2. #2 - Cultural regulations (controls attainment of cultural goals)
    1. defines, regulates and controls the acceptable modes of reaching out for cultural goals
      1. Coupled with cultural goals
        rooted in the mores or institutions of allowable procedures for moving toward goals/objectives
        force, fraud and power are rules out of permitted conduct
2. Focusing on societies who strongly emphasize specific goals w/o a corresponding emphasis on institutional procedures
  1. All societies have norms governing conduct but vary in the degree with which they are integrated with cultural goals and objectives
    Annotations:
    - differential emphases upon goals and institutionals procedures
    1. The procedure most effective, legitimate or not, becomes the most preferred regardless of the cultural regulations
      1. If this continues, it causes society to become unstable and anomie (normlessness) develops
        Not limited to competitive sports
        EXAMPLES:
        "Winning the game" rather than "winning under the rules of the game"
        football star secretly slugged
        wrestler incapacitates his opponent through illicit techniques
        athletic students subsidized by university alumni
        accumulated wealth regardless if accumulates legally or illegally
        Money is high on the hierarchy of value in America
        No stopping point, always a desire to have/make more
        Monetary success is conveniently indefinite and relative
        Monetary success entrenched in American culture/the American Dream
        THE AMERICAN DREAM
        The American Dream bombarded on citizens by Prestigeful reps, family, schools, employers, the work place, parents
        Americans try to attain the Dream even when faced with repeated frustrations
        The Dream is a lofty goal
        One must not quit, must not cease striving, must not lessen his goals
        "not failure, but low aim, is crime"
        Contemporary American culture continues to be characterized by a heavy emphasis on wealth as a basic symbol of success, w/o a corresponding emphasis on the legitimate avenues on which to march toward this goal
        Dream culture enjoins the acceptance of 3 cultural axioms
        #1 - all should strive for the same lofty goals because these are open to all
        #2 - present seeming failure is but a way station to ultimate success
        #3 - genuine failure consists only in the lessening or withdrawal of ambition
        PSYCHOLOGICAL PARAPHRASE: #1 - a symbolic secondary reinforcement of incentive
        #2 - curbing the threatened extinction of a response through an associated stimulus
        #3 - genuine failure consists only in the lessening or withdrawal of ambition
        SOCIOLOGICAL PARAPHRASE: #1 - the deflection of criticism of the social structure onto one's self among those so situated in the society that they do not have full and equal access to oppotunity
        #2 - the preservation of a structure of social power by having individuals in the lower social strata identify themselves, no with their compeers, but with those at the top (whom they will ultimately join)
        #3 - providing pressures for conformity with the cultural dictates of unslackened ambition by the threat of less than full membership in the society for those who rail to conform
TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL ADAPTATION
1. #1 - Conformity
  1. most common and widely diffused. W/o it, stability and continuity of society couldn't be maintained
2. #2 - Innovation
  1. this response occurs when the individual has assimilated the cultural emphasis upon the goal w/o equally internalizing the institutional norms governing ways and means for its attainment
3. #3 - Ritualism
  1. involves the abandoning or scaling down of the lofty cultural goals of great pecuniary success and rapid social mobility to the point where one's aspirations can be satisfied
  2. rejects cultural obligation, continues to abide compulsively to institutional norms
  3. social ritualist lower their ambitions/aspirations permanently
4. #4 - Retreatism
  1. the rejection of cultural goals and institutional means
  2. the least common adaptation
  3. in the society but not of it
  4. adaptive activities of psychotics, autist, pariahs, outcasts, vagrants, vagabonds, tramps, chronic drunkards & drug addicts
  5. escape mechanisms allow individuals to drop out of competitive order & escape from the requirements of society
  6. internalized prohibitions
5. #5 - Rebellion
  1. bringing in a new social structure
  2. alienation from reigning goals and standards
Robert K Merton
as long as supporting sentiments are distributed throughout the entire range of activities and are not confined to the final results of "success", the choice of means will remain largely within the ambit of institutional control
outdoing one's competitors produces a strain toward anomie and deviant behavior
when the cultural emphasis shifts from the satisfactions deriving from competition itself to almost exclusive concern with the outcome, the resultant stress makes for the breakdown of the regulatory structure

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Part 2 - Ch 7: Social Structure and Anomie

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