The effects of Globalization

The effects of Globalization

1. Ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society

   • Integration of these aspects between nations, regions, communities, and even seemingly isolated places
   • Core aspects of globalization
     • Economy
       • Expansion of capitalism to include all places around the world into one globally integrated economic system
     • Culturally
       • Development of forms of governance that operate at the global scale, whose policies and rules cooperative nations are expected to abide
     • Politically
       • Global spread and integration of ideas, values, norms, behaviors, and ways of life
     • Fueled by technological development, the global integration of communication technologies, and global distribution of media

2. History

   • William I. Robinson
     • Process that began with the creation of the capitalist economy, which formed connections between distant regions of the world as far back as the Middle Ages
     • Capitalist economy is premised on growth and expansion, a globalized economy is the inevitable result of capitalism
   • Earliest phases of capitalism
     • U.S. imperialism
       • Global economic, political, cultural, and social connections around the world
     • European colonial and imperial powers
   • Mid-20th century
     • The world economy was a compilation of competing and cooperating national economies
       • Trade was international rather than global
     • Process of globalization intensified and quickened as national trade, production, and finance regulations were dismantled
       • International economic and political agreements were forged in order to produce a global economy premised on the “free” movement of money and corporations
   • Corporations grew quickly after the Civil War, but many corporations tried to control their markets through illegal means and activities that were ethically questionable

3. Creation of Global Forms of Governance

   • Globalization of the world international economy and of the political culture and structures was led by wealthy, powerful nations made rich by colonialism and imperialism
     • U.S.
     • Britain
     • Western European nations
   • Mid-twentieth century
     • Leaders of these nations created new global forms of governance that set the rules for cooperation within the new global economy
       • United Nations
       • World Trade Organization
       • Group of Twenty
       • World Economic Forum
       • OPEC

4. Cultural Aspects

   • Involves the spread and diffusion of ideologies that foster, justify, and provide legitimacy for economic and political globalization
     • Values
     • Ideas
     • Norms
     • Beliefs
     • Expectations
     • Not neutral processes
     • Ideologies from dominant nations
       • Fuel and frame economic and political globalization
       • Spread around the world, becoming normal and taken for granted.
   • Cultural globalization
     • Distribution and consumption of media, consumer goods, and the Western consumer lifestyle
     • Fueled by globally integrated communication systems
     • Dominance of Western and Northern cultural, economic, and political ideologies
       • • Top-down model of globalization that is directed by the world’s elite
     • Types
       • “alter-globalization”
         • World’s poor, working poor, and activists
         • Truly democratic approach to globalization
           • “globalization from below"
       • “globalization from above”

5. Bibliography

   • Author Removed At Request Of Original Publisher. (2016, April 8). Globalization and the Economy – Introduction to Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World. Pressbooks. Retrieved March 29, 2022, from https://pressbooks.howardcc.edu/soci101/chapter/13-5-the-military-industrial-complex/ Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. (2020, August 29). What Is the Meaning of Globalization in Sociology? Retrieved March 29, 2022, from https://www.thoughtco.com/globalization-definition-3026071