Sustainability

Annotations:

• Something that is sustainable achieves economic feasibility, social responsibility or justice, and environmental quality. To meet society's present needs without compromising future generations to meet their own needs.

1. Environment
   1. Natural Resource Use
   2. Environmental Management
   3. Pollution Prevention

      Annotations:

      • Air, Water, Land, Waste
2. Economic
   1. Profit
   2. Cost Savings
   3. Economic Growth
   4. Research & Development
3. Social
   1. Standard of Living
   2. Education
   3. Community
   4. Equal Opportunity
4. Viable

   Annotations:

   • Both Environmental and Economical but not Social
   1. Energy Efficient
   2. Subsidies/Incentives for Use of Natural Resources
5. Bearable

   Annotations:

   • Both Social and Environmental but not Economical
   1. Environmental Justice
   2. Natural Resources Stewardship
   3. Locally & Globally
6. Equitable

   Annotations:

   • Both Economical and Social without Enviromental
   1. Business Ethics
   2. Fair Trade
   3. Worker's Rights
7. Sustainable Agriculture
   1. Satisfy

      Annotations:

      • Satisfy human food, feed, and fiber needs, and contribute to biofuels.
   2. Enhance

      Annotations:

      • Enhance environmental quality and resource base
   3. Sustain

      Annotations:

      • Sustain economic viability of agriculture.
   4. Enhance

      Annotations:

      • Enhance quality of life for farmers, farm workers, and society
8. Schools of Thought
   1. Stewardship Focus

      Annotations:

      • Maintaining of natural ecology is an absolute necessity before agriculture can possibly be or become sustainable. Important Aspects: Our resource supply is fixed, and depletion is a risk that is not acceptable. Focus on Optimization but agriculture's environmental cost should not be ignored.
   2. Food Security Focus
      1. Improvement of Productivity and Efficiency

         Annotations:

         • We must continue to meet the growing demands of a society that has more money to spend.  Adequate food security outweighs the consequences that may occur whether they were positive or negative.
      2. Inputs to Outputs

         Annotations:

         • Focus is on making inputs into outputs. Example: Feed, water, nutrients to animal protein or crops
      3. Supply/Value Chain

         Annotations:

         • Focus on provision of sufficient income for the entire supply/value chain  Farmers to Retailers
   3. Society Focus

      Annotations:

      • Individual members of society are all stakeholders with varying degrees of participation Society provides support to agriculture and in return farmers provide food and support local economies/communities.
9. Sustainable Intensification

   Annotations:

   • Increasing the output without increasing the input An approach to increase yields without harming the environment further.
   1. Reduce Consumption/Waste

      Annotations:

      • Reducing consumption and waste needs to happen but will not be satisfiable for future demand.
   2. Yields

      Annotations:

      • Increased production and yields are necessary because if we increase the amount of land we use for agriculture it will hold environmental costs. Yields have to increase to achieve food security and environmental sustainability but that doesn't mean it needs to be equal increases around the world to achieve this goal.
   3. Organic vs. Conventional

      Annotations:

      • To achieve the goal of sustainable intensification it is not about Organic vs. Conventional but rather to reach the goal.
   4. Synergies & Tradeoffs
      1. Biodiversity & Land Use
      2. Animal Welfare
      3. Human Nutrition
      4. Sustainable Development
      5. Rural Economies
   5. Differences Between Conventional Intensification
      1. Primary Goal Of Farmers

         Annotations:

         • Conventional: increase crop and livestock yields Sustainable: improve yields and incomes, improve natural capital in on- and off-farm landscapes, build knowledge and social capital
      2. Knowledge development

         Annotations:

         • Conventional: Soley expert driven Sustainable: Collaborations between experts and stakeholders
      3. Knowledge Dissemination

         Annotations:

         • Conventional: Conventional extension chain from public or private research to farmers Sustainable: Conventional extension combined with participatory dissemination via peer-to-peer learning
      4. Stewardship of Ecosystem Services

         Annotations:

         • Conventional: Emphasis on provisioning services derived from agricultural landscapes; use of external inputs to substitute for regulating and supporting services; interactions with surrounding non-agricultural landscapes treated as externalities. Sustainable: Greater appreciation of the contribution of multiple ecosystem services provided by agricultural landscapes and awareness of the two-way relationship between agricultural and non-agricultural components of landscapes   
   6. Localized Decision Making
10. Sustainability Problems
    1. Climate Change
       1. Increased Greenhouse Gases
          1. Carbon Dioxide
             1. Cars/Farm Machinery/Planes/Etc
             2. Homes
             3. Humans/Plants/Animals Respiration
          2. Methane
             1. Ruminants (Cattle)
          3. Nitrous Oxide
          4. Ozone
          5. Water Vapor
    2. Natural Resource Use
    3. Waste Production
    4. Water Pollution
    5. Deforestation
    6. Overfishing
    7. Ocean Acidification
    8. Air Pollution
11. Sustainability Solutions
    1. Healthy Soils
       1. Rotating Crops and Diversity
       2. Reduce or Eliminate Tillage
       3. Applying Integrated Pest Management
    2. Preventing Erosion
       1. Planting Cover Crops and Perennials
       2. Managing Whole Systems and Landscapes
       3. Constructing Land (Terraces)
    3. Storing Carbon on Farms
       1. Residue Management
    4. Enable Profitability of All Farm Sizes
       1. Integrating Livestock and Crops
    5. Agroecology
       1. Agroforestry Practices
    6. Plant-Based Meat
    7. Clean Energy
       1. Solar Energy
       2. Wind Energy
       3. Water Energy
12. Future Ways We Can Do More
    1. Education
    2. Engage the Youth
    3. Awareness
    4. Sharing Technology and Health
    5. Integrated Efforts
    6. Private Investment
    7. Power of Social Media
13. Knowledge Gaps
    1. How can the knowledge of indigenous and local communities be better integrated into research in order to develop innovative strategies for adapting and mitigating environmental change?
    2. How do consumption patterns create pressures on nature? A better understanding of the feedbacks between social and ecological systems is needed in order to design and implement effective plans for sustainable production and consumption.
    3. What indicators can be used to measure how effective alternate governance systems are in promoting the desired socio-ecological changes through decisions and policies that set in place, for example, incentives to enhance biodiversity?
    4. How do interests and influence of diverse stakeholders affect the distribution of the benefits of nature amongst members of society? The identification of governance systems and institutional arrangements that foster equity in the distribution of nature's benefits to people was considered a key area of research to promote human health.
    5. How can national accounting and development planning systems take into account the multiple benefits that nature confers on humans, beyond simply the economic benefits?
    6. How can we better monitor long-term trends in key ecological and social processes to prevent the biodiversity loss and halt the land degradation associated with climate change?