Heart Failure

Heart Failure

1. Heart failure = pump failure

   • Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
     • Left-sided
       • Ischemia
       • Hypertension
       • DCM
     • Right-sided
       • Left-sided HF
       • L>R shunt
       • cor pulmonale
   • Cause shortness of breath >>
     • Causes of Shortness of Breath
       • CHD
       • Arrythmia
       • Myocarditis
       • Smoking
       • Anemia

2. Orthopnea

   • The sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing
   • caused by pulmonary congestion during recumbency.
   • heart isn't strong enough to pump out all the blood sent from your lungs.

3. Fluid Compartments of the Body

   • ECF constitutes of:
     • Interstitial fluids
     • Plasma
     • Transcellular Fluids
   • The Pressure of Filtration

4. Risk Factors of Heart Failure

   • Modifiable
   • Non-modifiable

5. Pathophysiology of heart failure

   • Pulmonary changes associated with HF
     • Pressure in the pulmonary veins > pulmonary congestion & edema > heavy, wet lungs > pulmonary hypertension

6. Clinical Presentations and Investigations of HF

   • Elevated jugular venous pressure
   • The third heart sound
   • Displaced apex beat
   • Left sided heart failure
     • Dyspnea (breathlessness)
       • orthopnea
     • Cough
   • Right-sided HF
     • Peripheral edema
     • Anasarca, generalized massive edema

7. Management of HF

   • Non-pharmacological
     • ICD
     • VAD
   • Pharmacological Management of HF
     • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
     • Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
     • β-Blockers
     • Diuretics
     • Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
     • Human Natriuretic Peptide B-type
     • Digoxin

8. Appropriate Diet for HF Patients

   • Replace the salt intake
   • READING FOOD LABELS

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