Negotiation and Decision Making

Negotiation and Decision Making

1. Decisions Tree

   • The decision tree is a map of the possible outcomes of a series of related decisions. It allows an individual or an organization to compare possible actions against each other based on their costs, probabilities, and benefits. It usually starts with a single node and then branches out into possible outcomes. Each of those results creates additional nodes, which branch out into other possibilities. This gives it a shape similar to that of a tree.
     • Decision tree creatorIs a computer engineer and pioneering researcher in the fields of data mining and decision theory. He has contributed significantly to the development of algorithms for creating decision trees, inventing the C4.5 and ID3 algorithms.
       • What is the decision tree diagram used for?You can use a decision tree diagram to make decisions in many areas, including operations, budget planning and project management. Whenever possible, include quantitative data and numbers in order to create an effective tree. The more data you have, the easier it is to calculate expected values and analyze solutions based on the numbers.
         • Benefits:You can better understand the risks and consequences of your decisions. All questions can be answered with a decision tree, no matter how simple or complex. They are easy to understand and you can share it with others so that they can give their opinion. It may be the fastest way to find the solution.

2. Systemic Approach in Decision Making

   • The systemic approach emerges as a holistic alternative to study complex problems with a multidisciplinary, multi-perspectivist approach and focused on the viability of the whole system rather than on the isolated functioning of its parts. The Systemic Approach emerges in the twentieth century as a new effort in the search for valid concepts and laws for the description and interpretation of all kinds of real, physical or virtual systems of that time. A modern exposition of the systems approach is the so-called General Systems Theory (TGS) that was proposed by the Austrian biologist Ludwig von Berthalanffy in the mid-twentieth century.
     • A systematic approach makes it possible to prepare logical and effective measures, so that the decisionmaking process can be clearly explained to anyone.
       • Advantages :He provided input in many specific fields that are now considered foundations for other important disciplines. o Widely used terminology was created and the foundations for artificial intelligence and robotics were provided. o Cybernetics first studied one of the most important concepts in machine control: feedback. o It led to important advances in the development of less general concepts and theories of systems applicable to specific problems or certain classes of problems.
         • Disadvantages :Lack of a serious formalization of the concepts that it handles beyond the specific applications. o Carry conclusions from one field to another without deep reflection. o The lack of content is the price paid for the search for absolute generality.

3. Pareto Diagram

   • Vilfredo Federico Pareto, born Wilfried Fritz Pareto (15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923), was an engineer, sociologist, economist and philosopher. He completed all his studies in Italy, where he returned in 1858 and where he obtained his doctorate in Engineering in 1869, at the Polytechnic Institute of Turin.
     • The Pareto chart is a graph that organizes values, which are separated by bars and organized from highest to lowest, from left to right respectively.It represents the 80/20 rule, that is, in most situations, 80% of the consequences are due to 20% of the actions or 80% of the defects of a product are due to 20% of the actions. Causes.
       • Structure :The left "Y" axis is the frequency of the problem occurrence. The "Y" axis on the right is the cumulative percentage of the total number of occurrences. The lower part of the "X" axis shows the problems, complaints, defects or waste that were presented.
   • Step do it: identify the problem you want to analyze. Collect the data that helped you assess the problem. Empty the data into a table. Sort the data from highest to lowest and calculate their percentages and accumulated. Make a bar graph with these data. Analyze problems are the causes or situations that appear at the beginning of the graph. Monitor the progress of the solution you proposed.
     • Characteristics:It is a simple calculation technique. Analyze the characteristics of a group and recognize the most important points within it to give them priority. Look at the elements and focus your efforts towards a single goal. It allows you to make objective decisions that are based on data and not on personal opinions. Analyze the elements and the frequency with which each of the data occurs.

4. Ishikawa Diagram

   • Who was Kaoru Ishikawa? He was born in Tokyo, Japan in 1915 ,He graduated as a Chemistry engineer from the Tokyo University in 1939 ,He is considered one of the 3 most important names in world quality.
     • How to do a cause and effect diagram?Write down problem on the right side Draw a horizontal line to the left Write down the categories Write down causes by writing down small horizontal lines
   • What is it? It is a visual tool that is used to logically organize the possible causes of a specific problem or effect, showing them graphically in an increasingly detailed way, and suggesting causal relationships between the different hypotheses.

5. Brainstorm

   • It is a technique used in teamwork to generate new ideas or solve a certain problem. Today, it is highly used in work meetings or in debates.
     • Characteristics :A moderator (Un moderador) ,Centralized target (Objetivo centralizado) ,Defined time frame (Marco temporal definido) ,Participant Limit (Límite de participantes) .
       • Brainstorming techniques :Definition (Definición), Ideation (Ideación), Analysis (Análisis)
         • Disadvantages of brainstorming :Parasitism (Parasitismo) Feeling of rejection (sentimiento de rechazo) Fear of being criticized (Temor a ser criticados) Poor development in social contexts( pobre desenvolvimiento en contextos sociales
       • How to brainstorm? Define the problem (Definir el problema) Clarify the role of the participants (Esclarecer el rol de los participantes) Set the rules of the game (Establecer las reglas del juego) start brainstorming (Comenzar la tormanta de ideas) Finish brainstorming (Culminar la Lluvia de ideas)