Earthquakes Chapter 5

1. Tension

   Annotations:

   • When rock pulls on the crust and stretches it.
2. Compression

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   • Act of squeezing rock together until it folds.
3. Shearing

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   • Mass being pushed apart.

1. Normal

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   • They pull apart along faults.
2. Reverse

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   • They move in opposite directions.
3. Strike slip

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   • They slide past each other

1. crusts

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   • Rock gets folded in the crust
2. Stretching

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   • When 2 normal faults move the crust stretches making a fault block mountain.
3. uplifting Earths crust

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   • Plateaus are made when forces in the Earths crust push up a big flat block of rock.

1. P waves

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   • First waves-These waves compress and expand the ground. They cause damage to structures and can move through solids and liquids.
2. S waves

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   • Second wave-They vibrate side to side and up and down they shake structures but can not moove through liquids.
3. Surface waves

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   • Surface waves are when p and s waves surface some of them become surface waves and are slower.They can shake the ground and some can shake buildings side to side.

1. Mercalli scale

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   • They record the intensidy of Earthquakes
2. Richter Scale

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   • It estimates the total energy of earthquakes after being recorded by the other scales
3. Moment magnitude scale

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   • It records seismic waves to get the magnitude but only works on nearby earthquakes
4. Comparing earthquakes

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   • Magnatude is how much energy is from an earthquake. The higher the magnatude is the worst 

Annotations:

• The epicenter is found by seismic waves. They record the location of the epicenter. 

2. Monotor faults
   1. Creep meters

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      • It is mesured by the movement affected by a wire.
   2. Laser ranging devices

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      • This show the distance by deflecting light.
   3. Gps satellites

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      • It is used by maping from satillites
   4. Tiltmeters

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      • They have liquid in a bulb that is records the land.
3. Reading seismographs

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   • They can tell the intensidy of how high the line of ink goes.
4. Measuring seismic waves

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   • They use seismographs to see the motion of an earthquake.

1. Plate boundaries and faults

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   • We are at high risk because of the plates near the pacific.
2. Mapping earth quakes

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   • These are important because they show the severity of an earthquake.
3. Historic quakes.

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   • Past earthquake may help predict the ones in the future.

1. shaking

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   • Shaking is caused by seismic waves and can destroy structures or buildings.
2. liquefaction

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   • earthquakes can convert soil to mud
3. Aftershocks

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   • It is an earthquake that comes after an earthquake.
4. Tsunamis

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   • It is a huge wave of water.

1. Safe Utilities

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   • They have created automatic valves for pipes.
2. Protection

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   • They have strengthened building walls and ground.