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Types of Love
1. Eros
  1. Sexual love
  2. Focuses on the body
2. Philia
  1. Friendship
  2. It is a love which prefers those like me over those unlike me
3. Storge
  1. Family love
  2. Natural affection
4. Agape
  1. Pope Francais
    1. “Form the cross, Christ teaches us to love even those who do not love us”
  2. Unconditional, sacrificial love
  3. The Good Samaritan
5. Fredrich Niezche
  1. “Christianity gave Eros poison to drink; he did not die of it, certainly, but degenerated by vice”
6. Psycological Egoism Thomas Hobbes
  1. Norman Geisler
    1. “Erotic love is egoistic. It says ‘My first and last consideration is myself.’ Philic love is mutualistic. It says ‘I will give as long as I receive’. Agapic love, on the other hand, is altruistic, saying ‘I will give, requiring nothing in return”.
  2. "A human being, however much he or she may wish to seek to do otherwise, cannot do other than serve their own best interests"
  3. "A human being is being psychologically incapable of doing anything that does not promote his or her own interest"
Homosexuality
1. Fletcher
  1. “Jesus said nothing against birth control, childlessness, homosexuality, masturbation, fornication, pre-martial intercourse, sterilization, artificial insemination, abortion, sex play, petting or courtship. Whether any form of sex, hetro, homo, or auto is good or evil, depends on whether love is fully served”
  2. - “Love is the only intrinsic good” – The 6 Fundamental Principles
2. Alfred Kinsey
  1. “The only unnatural sex act is that which you can’t preform” - Led a report in the 1940s regarding peoples sex lives
3. Other
  1. “Obviously the penis belongs to the vagina: that is something fundamental to the way God has made us”
  2. God created Adam and Eve not Adam and Steve”
4. Dormer
  1. “The injunction to ‘love you neighbour as yourself’ leads them to accept and even celebrate their gay friends in faithful, permanent and stable relationships”
5. St Paul
  1. Describes homosexuality as “unnatural intercourse”
6. Aquinas
  1. Procreation! Primary precept
    1. “The act of sex is wrong when the act of it’s nature is incompatible with the purpose of the sex act [procreation]”
7. Christian Views
  1. Genesis
    1. “It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him” - Sex isn't specified
    2. Sodom and Gomorrah: Homosexual tendencies lead to the destruction of the two cities
      1. Concept of power play – older men in Ancient Greek times would have sex with pre pubescent boys to assert their dominance. In prisons today men still rape each other.
        "Molly's" were examples of gay prostitutes
    3. "A man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they become one flesh"
  2. Leviticus
    1. “If a man lies with a man as he does with a woman, he commits an abomination and shall be put to death”
    2. "Man shall not have sexual relations with another man; God hates that"
  3. Corinthians
    1. "Homosexuals... will [not] inherit the kingdom of God"
      1. Monsignor Krzystof Charamsa was a Catholic priest who came out gay
  4. Romans
    1. "God has given those people over to do filthy things their hearts desire, and they do shameful things with each other, and as they do they bring it upon themselves the punishment they deserve for their wrongdoing"
  5. Timothy
    1. "Law is not made for a righteous person, but for those who are lawless and rebellious, for the ungodly and sinners... immoral men and homosexuals"
      1. Catholic priest scandal in Ireland - pedophiles
  6. Nothing in the Bible said about homosexuals
    1. St Paul uses the word "arsenokoitai", which may have even been coined by Paul himself, which essentially means "male prostitute"
  7. Catechism
    1. Don't approve of homosexual acts, and believe they should be repressed. However, they should still be treated with compassion, respect and sensitivity
    2. "Homosexual persons are called to chasity"
8. Desmond TuTu
  1. "To treat some people as less worthy on account of their... gender or sexual orientation brings grief to God"
Views on Sex
1. Augustine
  1. “Surely such a man would prefer, if possible, to beget children without lust of this kind” - - “The babbling impulses of puberty befogged love’s serenity and lust’s darkness”
2. Aquinas
  1. Primary Precepts: Procreation: No masturbation, contraception, homosexuality or casual sex (e.g. adultery and fornication) Contribute to society: “Honour your parents”, “Do not commit adultery”
3. Kant
  1. Concept of only humans having reason - “Sex exposes mankind to the danger of equality with the beasts… a person who sexually desires another person objectifies the other person, both before and during sexual activity and makes the loved person an object of appetite”
4. Peter Singer
  1. The moral case for acceptance of sexual relationships between consenting adults that do not harm others is ... clear-cut’
5. Jeremy Bentham
  1. “The greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest number” – promotes rape - “Pleasure is good and pain is bad” -Can be linked to contracterian sex
6. John Stuart Mill
  1. “It is better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied, better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied” - Higher and low pleasures – sex is a low pleasure as it is physical
7. Song of Songs emphasises the joys and pleasure of sex
8. Sex seen as sinful, originated from the fall of man
9. Acts suggested in the Bible
  1. Incest
    1. Lot and his daughters
    2. Son of David and his half sister
  2. Rape
    1. Lot and his guests, and his daughters
  3. Adultery
    1. David and Bathsheba
    2. Tamara and Juda (father in law, as well as brother in law)
  4. Infertility
    1. Sarah and Hagar
Gender Views
1. Feminism
  1. MacKinnon
    1. Argues against ‘natural law’ and ‘autonomous choice’. Believe that society Is so unequal that they only think they have choice – are sexual tools for men, and that we are socialised/conditioned to meet male sexual wants – male dominance and female submission
  2. Jill Johmston
    1. Endorses sex among women only as a way of making a political statement and transcending male oppression. Lesbian Sepratists believe they should just have sex with each other
  3. Less radical feminists/non-feminists argue that radical feminism portrays men as incapable of nature of anything other than oppression and exploitation
  4. Feministic ideals
    1. - Total separation from men and women - A biological revolution – artificial reproduction - No child rearing / birth - Pay women in domestic spheres the same amount as men in a public sphere
2. Christian Views
  1. St Paul
    1. “The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does; and likewise also the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does"
  2. Augustine
    1. “In a physical sense, woman has been made for man”
  3. Genesis
    1. “Your duty is to your husband and he shall rule over you”
    2. Adam and Eve, created alike, punished equally
      1. “So God created man in his image… man and woman he created them” - Equal
    3. “It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him” - unequal? Helper? Made from Adams rib
    4. "He formed a woman out of the rib" - man is closer to God
  4. Leviticus
    1. “If a man commits adultery with his wife of his neighbour, both the adulterer and the adulteress shall be put to death”
  5. Corinthians
    1. "It is a disgraceful thing for a woman to speak in Church"
  6. Luke
    1. "The twelve disciples went with him and so did some women who had been healed of evil spirits and diseases
      1. Equal - both disciples / Women weren't actual disciples though / Jesus must have seen them as equals as he made them good
  7. Timothy
    1. "Adam was formed first... It was a woman who was decieved and became a sinner"
  8. Ephesians
    1. "The husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the Church"
  9. Galalations
    1. There is neither... male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus
  10. John
    1. "Jesus' disciples returned, and they were generally surprised to find him talking with a woman"- didn't question it though
  11. Desmond Tutu
    1. "To treat some people as less worthy on account of their... gender or sexual orientation brings grief to God"
3. Change of views
  1. Women can work, men can stay at home
  2. C of E allows female ordination since 1994
  3. July 2014 CofE General Synod passed a vote on female bishops
4. Marriage
  1. RCC - wife looks after family, unequal
  2. CofE - Equal in marriage, 'imago dei'
  3. Same sex - equal
5. Contractarian Sex
  1. Link with Libertarianism
  2. More equal? Both consenting
Social Milieu
1. The Sitz im Leben
Marriage
1. Changes in trends
  1. Dominion (modern)
    1. Believed that pre-martital sex is strong and continuous as according to him sex is not dangerous, but rather it is powerful
  2. Less people have sex after marriage
    1. Medicine: Treat people for STDs, infant mortality, death at pregnancy
  3. 2014 Gay marriage is legal
  4. More classes of adultery
    1. Lower religious population, not seen as 'sinful'
  5. Less people getting married
    1. Sex before marriage is now acceptable
      1. Contraception, have a huge population
        Dormer
        Believes cohabitation leads to marriage
    2. Children no longer seen as illegitimate
      1. 50% of children born out of wedlock
    3. Just a piece of paper
  6. Roles in marriage have changed
    1. Women can work, men can stay at home
  7. Higher divorce rates, 40%
    1. People live longer - bored of same person
    2. No longer seen as sinful, less religious people
2. Purpose
  1. Procreation
  2. Love
    1. Fletcher
      1. “Love is the only intrinsic good” – The 6 Fundamental Principles
      2. “Jesus said nothing against birth control, childlessness, homosexuality, masturbation, fornication, pre-martial intercourse, sterilization, artificial insemination, abortion, sex play, petting or courtship. Whether any form of sex, hetro, homo, or auto is good or evil, depends on whether love is fully served”
  3. Arranged
  4. Sacred
  5. Sexual Intimacy
    1. "One flesh"
3. Different ceremonies
  1. Roman Catholic Church
    1. Priests and Pope can't marry in Catholicism
    2. Abstain from sex until marriage
      1. St Paul
        “If you marry you do not sin”
        Never married, but instead stayed celibate. Believed celibacy was a special gift, and it was better to marry to avoid the sin of pre-martial sex
    3. Procreation
      1. Genesis
        Genesis: “Be fruitful and multiply”
        “Flesh of flesh”
        “Come let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, that we may preserve offspring from our father”
    4. Unequal roles
      1. Genesis: “Your duty is to your husband and he shall rule over you”
    5. Marriage is a sacrament
  2. Same Sex
    1. Leviticus
      1. “If a man lies with a man as he does with a woman, he commits an abomination and shall be put to death”
    2. Equal
    3. Affirmation of love before God
    4. Love, companionship
      1. Genesis “It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him”
  3. Church of England
    1. Jesus never got married, but had a positive view on marriage
    2. Luther
      1. "Priesthood of all believers" - argued we were all equal therefore priests should marry. Luther then left his monetary to marry. Erasmus also praised marriage
    3. Liberal - can divorce, have sex before
      1. Song of Songs
        Main premises: Joys of sex, male and female marriage
        “My beloved thrust his hand into the opening and my inmost being yearned for him. I rose to open to my beloved.”
        "You are stately as a palm tree and your breasts like its clusters, I say I will climb the palm tree and lay hold of its braches”
        “And his fruit was sweet to my taste”
        “Your navel is like a round goblet which never lacks mixed wine”
      2. "The polyphony of love finds expression in the lovers bodily union, therefore love and companionship is the most vital"
    4. Love, companionship
      1. "She is worth far more than jewels, her husband puts his confidence in her and she will never be poor"
      2. Genesis “It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him”
    5. Equal
      1. Leviticus: “If a man commits adultery with his wife of his neighbour, both the adulterer and the adulteress shall be put to death”

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	Created by Grace Gregory over 8 years ago