The Social Organization of Deviance

Best and Luckenbill (1980)
1. Numbers of members
2. task specializtion
3. stratification within group
4. Type of authority structure
Colleagues
1. homeless
2. recreational drug users
3. Con artists
Peers
1. neighborhood gangs
Loners
1. sexual asphyxiates
2. Self-injurers
3. Anorectics
4. Bulimics
5. Computers hackers
6. pedophiles
Crew
1. Deviant group of 3-12 persons who band together to engage in more sophisticated deviant acts with larger monetary payoffs
  1. theft
  2. smuggling
  3. hustling at gambling
Formal Organizations
1. larger than crews
  1. Cosa Nostra Mafia "families"
  2. Collumbian drug cartes
  3. 100 or more members
    1. etnically homogenous
    2. employ violence
    3. vertically and horizontally stratified
2. infiltrate and corrupt law enforcement
White Collar Crime
1. directly related to those privileged persons and groups in a position to abuse financial, organizational or political power
  1. may be financial but may also extend to bodily injury and death
2. Occupational Crime
  1. Pursued by persons action on theri own behalf
    1. employees at all levels of organization who may steal form their companies
      1. embezzlement
      2. Computer Crimes
      3. Enron
      4. Tyco
      5. WorldCom
      6. politicians may sell political power
      7. Marth Stewar
      8. Physiicians who overcharge with Medicare/Medicaid
3. Organizational Crime
  1. designed to advance goals of the firm or agency
    1. False advertising
      1. fraud
        Antitrust Violations
        Corruption pertaining to government contract
    2. Unsafe products
      1. drugs
      2. auto and tire industry
      3. medical products
    3. Worker safety violations
      1. coal mining
      2. oil and chemical industries
      3. nuclear power plants
      4. pesticide manufacturers
    4. Government activity such as illegal domestic or international police or military operations
      1. Secret FBI files
      2. Iran Contra Scandal
      3. Secret CIA prisons
Instrumental Drug Users
1. Types of Drugs
  1. Licit
    1. pharmaceutical, generally prescribed
  2. Illicit
    1. "street" drugs
2. motivated to use predicated on substances' specific effects
3. women varied according to temporal nature
  1. reported disordered eating before onset of drug use
  2. reported development of non-normative wight managing behaviors after a period of drug use
Typology of Users
1. Conventional Over-Conformists
  1. reported history of disordered eating prior to instrumental prescription
  2. Used more socially acceptable Rx drugs instead of street drugs
  3. Overall motivation-achieving cultural ideal of thinness, thus th goal was to conform
  4. Conforming became over conforming
  5. largest category in typology
2. Scroungers
  1. reproted foundation of disordered eating after turning to street drugs for weight control
  2. drugs used were described as "dirty", "unacceptable" & "inappropriate
    1. Access to drugs not as reliable or consisiten, thus they scrounged to find them
  3. second largest category of instrumental users
3. Journeyers
  1. drug pattern "journeyed" or "evolved"
  2. Used Rx drugs recreationally or medicinally prior to their instrumental use for weight
  3. comprised smaller typology
4. Opportunists
  1. Engaged in substance use before they turned into instrumental drug users
  2. Initially used street drugs recreationally & later instrumental patters for weight control purposes
  3. smallest catagory
Solitary Deviance
1. Loners & Secrecy
  1. Lies & secrecy employed by participants in this research
  2. They kept their deviant behaviors hidden
  3. Many feared if others found out about their instrumental drug use, they would be forced to stop
    1. Chose loner lifestyle to avert potential negative consequences
      1. Online communities ("pro-anorexia" & "pro-bulimia") provide community of support that encourages their deviance
        Often embarrassed about methods of weight control
        Other methods employed by participants to control weight
        severe caloric restriction
        Episodes of bingeing & purging
        Laxative abuse
        Cigarette smoking
        Dishonesty in the course of medical care
        Obsessive thoughts about weight & body management
        In general, research participants were high achievers or perfectionists
        Honor Students
        College athletes
        Social Leaders
        Award winners
        future professionals
2. Secrecy Among illicit Users
  1. frowned upon socially
    1. secrecy dropped when around others who engaged
3. Secrecy Among licit Users
  1. Participants worried that instrumental drug use would be associated with disordered eating
    1. obtaining their medications entailed lies & secrecy
      1. visiting campus clinic during the week
      2. Created alibis for such visits
4. Individuals engaged in deviance alone a "loners" (Best & Luckenbill 1980)
  1. sexual asphyxiates
  2. self-injurers
  3. substance abusing pharmacists
  4. embezzlers
  5. anorectics & bulimics
5. Solitary Operators
  1. act alone & don't associate with deviant others
6. subcultural participants
  1. Acted alone but their behaviors heavily influenced by group memberships (Prus & Grills, 2003)
Social Isolation
1. voluntary during episodes of drug use
2. Fear of others finding out would result in benefits of weight control diminishing
Practical Hurdles
1. Health Consequences of Drug Use
  1. effects on their moods & energy level
2. Financing Drug Use
  1. Cost varied depending on dosage
Cyber Communities of Self-Injury
1. Characteristics
  1. Those who cut, burn, brand, pick at, or otherwise injure themselves in a deliberate but non-suicidal attempt to achieve relief by harming themselves
  2. early 2000's saw rise
The Social Organization of Solitary Deviance
1. Reasons for Self Injury
  1. Depression
    1. alienation
      1. rebellion
        malaise
2. Formulation Deviant Ideology
  1. On their own in constructing meaning
3. Social Isolation
  1. behavior viewed as private
4. Practical Problems
  1. unable to anticipate peoples' reactions
5. Normative Socialization
6. Strain
  1. lack of support made deviants unstable
Gender Gangs & Violence
1. Gangs as Protection & Risk
  1. Girls suggest that being a gang member is a source of protection
2. Gender & Status, Crime & Victimization
  1. established leaders as males
    1. being tough
      1. able to fight
        willing to "do dirt"
3. Girls' Devaluation & Victimization
  1. Two crimes "off-limits" for girls
    1. drug sales
    2. drive-by shootings
Drug use and Disordered Eating among College Women
1. Most research focuses on either drug use or eating disorders
2. Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & other eating related medical syndromes skyrocketed during the 1970's

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The Social Organization of Deviance

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	Created by amueller1 over 8 years ago