4089659
A2 Edexcel Water conflicts
- The risk of water insecurity
- Not having access to sufficient safe/clean water which is fit to drink
- Water supplies essential to economic development
- Irrigation
- Manufactoring
- Energy Generation
- Irrigation
- Water conflicts occur when demand for
water overtakes the supply, & there are
several stakeholders wish to use the same
dimishing resource
- Involves 20 or more developing countries because: struggle to feed growing populations, promote industrial
development, legacy of poor water management.
- Aral Sea
- The decline of the fishing industry which was once prosperous, due shrinking in-land sea and
extinction of fish species, creates 60,000 people unemployed and suffer economic hardship
- Potable water becomes more scarce as ground water/sea is contaminated by weapon testing,
industrial projects, fertiliser runoff and blown salt from the sea
- Low HDI: lowest infant rate in the world, high rate of respiration diseases and spread water-borne diseases
- The Former Soviet government wanted to increase
cotton's production to establish economic
development. They diverted the sea into 2 rivers, which
is mainly used for irrigation. However, the irrigation
channels were poorly built allow water to leak or
evaporate. Cotton plants also tax on the water usage.
- Tech fix: The gov secured 126million dollar loan from the world bank to recover
the water-flow in N.Aral Sea. Invested 68million dollar to build a dam that has
split the sea into 2 parts. Fishermen are coming back, and rate of out-migration have reduced.
- New loan will be used to build a second dam to bring back the deserted part of Aralsk and S.Aral Sea (which is desperate in
need for water to continue growing cotton as their cash crop). However, this can be challenging as the headwaters are
controlled by other countries, this could lead to water insecurity and potential conflicts.
- New loan will be used to build a second dam to bring back the deserted part of Aralsk and S.Aral Sea (which is desperate in
need for water to continue growing cotton as their cash crop). However, this can be challenging as the headwaters are
controlled by other countries, this could lead to water insecurity and potential conflicts.
- Tech fix: The gov secured 126million dollar loan from the world bank to recover
the water-flow in N.Aral Sea. Invested 68million dollar to build a dam that has
split the sea into 2 parts. Fishermen are coming back, and rate of out-migration have reduced.
- Retreat of the sea (now 1/10 of its original size) has reportedly also caused local CC with more extreme seasonal climate
- The decline of the fishing industry which was once prosperous, due shrinking in-land sea and
extinction of fish species, creates 60,000 people unemployed and suffer economic hardship
- Middle East Water conflict
- Combination of growing population (which lead to increase of affluence) and low seasonal
rainfall have created pressure on middle east region, which is the most water-scarce region in
the world. The water stress cannot be resolve without impacting to neighbouring countries
- Turkey's GAP
- Heavily dependence on cash crops (which can
tax on the water usage) because they do not
have the oil/gas resources to invest on
expensive water technology
- Climate change/GW have huge impact on Turkey's
water availability as there is long period of
successive droughts in regions from 1995-2005
- Israel depends on desalination technology
than Turkey's water transfer because of its
unreliability in term of clean water availability
caused from recent CC
- Secure Israel's waterflow by focusing on water recycle plans, more effective and
awareness of water uses, and developing more desalination plants (about 5 existing)
plants at maximum capacity. They still diverse the fresh water suppy by import small
amount of clean water and water rich food from Turkey
- Secure Israel's waterflow by focusing on water recycle plans, more effective and
awareness of water uses, and developing more desalination plants (about 5 existing)
plants at maximum capacity. They still diverse the fresh water suppy by import small
amount of clean water and water rich food from Turkey
- Israel depends on desalination technology
than Turkey's water transfer because of its
unreliability in term of clean water availability
caused from recent CC
- Turkey's GAP is hoping to boost the least developed region in Turkey by developing irrigation system and energy supply in Anatolia.
- The project involves construction of 22 dams, 19 hydroelectric power plants, 2 water
transfer tunnels to boost the electricity diversion by 2010.
- The construction of the Illisu dam created many socio-economic impacts:Displacement of
80,000 homes and 10,000 kurds, create water-borne diseases and malaria, flood of historic
town of Hasankeyf with its buildings, create tension between Iraq and Syria
- Therefore, the construction of the second dam (Crere Dam) have lost its supporters (especially its main
funders like TNCs and the World Bank) because of its potential damages and conflicts for Turkey and is
neighbouring countries.
- Therefore, the construction of the second dam (Crere Dam) have lost its supporters (especially its main
funders like TNCs and the World Bank) because of its potential damages and conflicts for Turkey and is
neighbouring countries.
- The construction of the Illisu dam created many socio-economic impacts:Displacement of
80,000 homes and 10,000 kurds, create water-borne diseases and malaria, flood of historic
town of Hasankeyf with its buildings, create tension between Iraq and Syria
- The project involves construction of 22 dams, 19 hydroelectric power plants, 2 water
transfer tunnels to boost the electricity diversion by 2010.
- Heavily dependence on cash crops (which can
tax on the water usage) because they do not
have the oil/gas resources to invest on
expensive water technology
- Turkey's GAP
- Combination of growing population (which lead to increase of affluence) and low seasonal
rainfall have created pressure on middle east region, which is the most water-scarce region in
the world. The water stress cannot be resolve without impacting to neighbouring countries
- Bangladesh vs India (both are reaching stage 2 in take off economic development)
- India opened the Farakka Barage 11km from the border of Bangladesh
- Double loser due to the effect of population booming in India &
deprived of much water needs on the Ganges RIver
- Agreement about water-share have
been signed in 1990, however India
is still dominate over the water's
availability
- Agreement about water-share have
been signed in 1990, however India
is still dominate over the water's
availability
- Now India wants to extend its waterflow from the Farakka Barage
to response for its rapid economic growth&booming population
- Water flows through major India cities & contaminates by mixture of sewage dump and industrial wastes
- Water flows through major India cities & contaminates by mixture of sewage dump and industrial wastes
- Double loser due to the effect of population booming in India &
deprived of much water needs on the Ganges RIver
- India: rapid urbanisation+pop growth+large wave of rural-urban migration+recent industrialisation
- India opened the Farakka Barage 11km from the border of Bangladesh
- Aral Sea
- UN suggests over 300 potential water conflicts
- Natural watershed/features do not match with humans' borders.
- Involves 20 or more developing countries because: struggle to feed growing populations, promote industrial
development, legacy of poor water management.
- Water supplies essential to economic development
- Not having access to sufficient safe/clean water which is fit to drink
- The future
- Range of players are involving in forecasting the trends in water
demands. However, any predictions are tentative as they are
involve in uncertain factors such as CC.
- International Organisations (International
Food policy & Research Institute) used a
computer model yo examine the
implications of 3 alternative future of global
water supply and demand.
- BUSINESS AS USUAL
- WATER CRISIS
- SUSTAINABLE WATER
- Hard engineering project to
increase water
transfer&storage
- However major projects
will become too costly &
the cost of environmental
impacts
- EG: Three GorgersProject
- EG: Three GorgersProject
- However major projects
will become too costly &
the cost of environmental
impacts
- Restoration of lost
rural water supplies
- Reduce degradation and pollution
- Sanitation and waste management
eg: Israel, Rwanda, Ebro River in
SPain
- Desalination technology
- Water recycling "NEWater" in Singapore
- Desalination technology
- Regulations on TNCs'
exploitations eg: China,
India, BRICs
- Restoring shrinking lakes and wetlands
- Aral Sea
- River Kissimmee, Florida
- Aral Sea
- Sanitation and waste management
eg: Israel, Rwanda, Ebro River in
SPain
- Reduce conflicts by water treaties
- The nile river basin
initiative for the 8
growing countries
who are sharing the
Nile's water
- Egypt
- Ethiopia
- Uganda
- Egypt
- 1920 Law of RIver to reduce conflicts
between different water uers on the
Colorado Rivers between upper basin
states and lower basin states
- Environmentalists
- Indigenous group
- US gov
- Farmers
- Mexican people
- City dwellers
- Farmers
- Environmentalists
- The nile river basin
initiative for the 8
growing countries
who are sharing the
Nile's water
- Reduce degradation and pollution
- Water
conservation in
urban areas
- Increase awareness for
behavior change and education
to decrease the demand and
consumption
- Water meter
and taxation
(AUS)
- Monitor
and change
of water
prices
- More efficient water usage in
agricultural, industry and domestic
uses
- Tech fix: low flow
shower heads, water
recycling. sustainable
settlements (BEDzed,
Dongtan China
- Drip irrigation &
monitor of
evapotransprirations
rate; eg: Ogallala
Aquifer
- Tech fix: low flow
shower heads, water
recycling. sustainable
settlements (BEDzed,
Dongtan China
- Water meter
and taxation
(AUS)
- Increase supply of
freshwater by
diversifying the
water supplements
- Privatisation of water services
- Water treatment plants eg:china, UK,
The Snowy Mountain Scheme
- Water transfer
EG:China's
South-North Transfer
- Water harvesting &
change of land use eg:
Lake Chad
- Privatisation of water services
- Increase awareness for
behavior change and education
to decrease the demand and
consumption
- Hard engineering project to
increase water
transfer&storage
- BUSINESS AS USUAL
- Water players and decision makers
are aiming for the conservation and
sustainable development of water
resources.
- Political;
international
organisations,
government
departments,
pressure
groups
- Economic;World
Bank,
governments,
developers, TNCS,
agricultural and
industries
- The Ebro River in Spain; has the potential to
become the largest European high-class holiday
destination so many investors was interested in
the development. However, the
project is cancelled as desalination technology is
proven to be cheaper and more efficient in
providing safe water in shorter amount of time.
Also, top-down project could have drastic impacts
on the fragile ecology of the delta's. Therefore, the new
gov applied stricter environmental management
by improving the irrigatin system, encouraging the
use of grasslands with subsides and improving water
recycling.
- The Ebro River in Spain; has the potential to
become the largest European high-class holiday
destination so many investors was interested in
the development. However, the
project is cancelled as desalination technology is
proven to be cheaper and more efficient in
providing safe water in shorter amount of time.
Also, top-down project could have drastic impacts
on the fragile ecology of the delta's. Therefore, the new
gov applied stricter environmental management
by improving the irrigatin system, encouraging the
use of grasslands with subsides and improving water
recycling.
- Social; individuals,
indigenous
groups,consumers,
health officials,
NGOs (waterAid)
- WaterAID in Ethiopia (low WPI) : Work with local
partners to reduce the impact of extended period of
droughts, improve sustainable development through
increase of farming efficiency with improvement of
water coordinates and technology so they are not so
heavily dependence on labour works (esp with
remote villages), improvement of HDI of 42 million
people living without access to water (physicial
scarcity), uniting a range of water players to help
promote the water rights and sanitation throughout
Ethiopia.
- As of last year, approx almost 180,000
people with safe water & improvement
of sanitation for 220,000 lives.
- As of last year, approx almost 180,000
people with safe water & improvement
of sanitation for 220,000 lives.
- WaterAID in Ethiopia (low WPI) : Work with local
partners to reduce the impact of extended period of
droughts, improve sustainable development through
increase of farming efficiency with improvement of
water coordinates and technology so they are not so
heavily dependence on labour works (esp with
remote villages), improvement of HDI of 42 million
people living without access to water (physicial
scarcity), uniting a range of water players to help
promote the water rights and sanitation throughout
Ethiopia.
- Environmental;
conservationist,
environmentalists,
engineerers,
NGOs,
- Political;
international
organisations,
government
departments,
pressure
groups
- The Helsinki Rule
- Natural factors
- Social&Economic needs
- Downstream impacts
- Prior use
- Effiiency
- Natural factors
- International Organisations (International
Food policy & Research Institute) used a
computer model yo examine the
implications of 3 alternative future of global
water supply and demand.
- Range of players are involving in forecasting the trends in water
demands. However, any predictions are tentative as they are
involve in uncertain factors such as CC.
- The geography of water suppy
- Physical factors influence on geography of water supply
- Climate system
- Intertropical Convergence Zone
receive high levels of annual
precipitation, and have 2 distinct
period of wet weather per year.
- Monsoon areas of Asia have 1 very
wet season
- Intertropical Convergence Zone
receive high levels of annual
precipitation, and have 2 distinct
period of wet weather per year.
- River system
- The world's major rivers
store large quantities of
water and transfer it
across contiments
- River flow increases
downstream as more
tributaries feed into the
main-river
- Most of major rivers are
fed by snowmelt from the
Sierra Nevada Mountains
- The world's major rivers
store large quantities of
water and transfer it
across contiments
- Geology
- Where rocks underlying a river basin are
impermeable, therefore water wil remain
on the surface creating high drainage
density
- Aquifers can store huge amounts of water underground
- Where rocks underlying a river basin are
impermeable, therefore water wil remain
on the surface creating high drainage
density
- Climate system
- Water stress
- Threats
- Decline of precipitations
could reduce the water
flow in many regions
- Rapid global population grow
increases the demands for water
exceed natural supplies
- 1.2 billion people live with "water scarcity"
- Physical scarcity
- Economic scarcity
- Water Poverty Index determines the development
progress of each country out of the scale of 100
- Can reduce poverty and encourage development-
increase food production, bring better health, and
provide better standards of wellbeing.
- Resources
- Access
- Capacity
- Use
- Environment
- Resources
- Can reduce poverty and encourage development-
increase food production, bring better health, and
provide better standards of wellbeing.
- Physical scarcity
- 1.2 billion people live with "water scarcity"
- Decline of precipitations
could reduce the water
flow in many regions
- Impacts of human impacts
- Agricultural: 17% of the global
area used for growing crops is
irrigated. Growing population
also put farming under
pressure to increase
productivity
- Chemical fertilizer runoff
contaminate the underground
water as well as overland water
storage. This could affect the
local ecology; eg, increase growth
of algae can increase the
population of alien species
- Chemical fertilizer runoff
contaminate the underground
water as well as overland water
storage. This could affect the
local ecology; eg, increase growth
of algae can increase the
population of alien species
- Industry: have better water
efficiency in developed
nations due to better water
monitor technology.
However, rapid growth of
BRICs, India and China more
demanding for water used for
economic development and
electricity generation
- Every year the world generate
400 billion tonnes of industrial
waste which is pumped
untreated into natural water
storage (lake, sea)
- Trap sediment in reservoirs
which reduces floodplain fertility
and flow of nutrient from rivers
into seas, which could lead to sea
water incursion
- Every year the world generate
400 billion tonnes of industrial
waste which is pumped
untreated into natural water
storage (lake, sea)
- Domestic: uneven
distribution of water intake
as 20 developing countries
or more experience water
scarcity. 10% of world's
water is being used for
domestic uses, however the
intake varies in different
countries and regions. With
this rate, the domestic
demand could possibly to
be doubled every 20 years.
- Sewage disposal in developing
countries is expected to cause
135 million deaths by 2020.
- In the UK we add 1400 million
litres of sewage to our rivers
daily although most of it has
been treated
- Maximum abstraction
outweigh the rate of
recharge can lead to
consequences :salt water
incursion, salinisation, land
subsidence at risk of rising
sea level
- Sewage disposal in developing
countries is expected to cause
135 million deaths by 2020.
- Agricultural: 17% of the global
area used for growing crops is
irrigated. Growing population
also put farming under
pressure to increase
productivity
- Threats
- Physical factors influence on geography of water supply
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