The Atmosphere

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• IMPORTANT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1. The Air Around You

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   • Weather is the condition of Earth's Atmosphere at a particular time and place.
   • The Atmosphere is the envelope of gases that surrounds the planet.
   1. Composition of Gases

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      • The Atmosphere is made up mixture of atoms and molecules of different kinds.
      1. Nitrogin

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         • Most common gas in the atmosphere
         • Makes more than 3/4 of the air we breathe
         • Each Nitrogen molecule is made up of 2 nitrogen atoms.
      2. Oxygen

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         • Second most common gas in the atmosphere
         • Two oxygen molecules, except in ozone which is a form of oxygen with 3 oxygen molecules
      3. Carbon Dioxide

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         • essential to life 
         • One atom of carbon and two of atoms of oxygen.
      4. Other Gases

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         • Mostly Argon and Carbon Dioxide
      5. Water Vapour

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         • WATER VAPOR IS THE GASEOUS FORM OF WATER
         • TWO HYDROGEN ONE OXYGEN
      6. Particles

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         • The air we breathe contains tiny solid and liquid particles of dust, smoke, salt, and other chemicals. 
   2. Importance of Atmosphere

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      • The atmosphere makes conditions on Earth suitable for living things.
      • Contains oxygen and gases
      • KEEPS EARTH'S SURFACE WARM ENOUGH FOR WATER TO EXIST AS A LIQUID.
      • Protects living things from ultraviolent radiation.
      • PREVENTS EARTH FROM METEORS!!!!!!!
   3. Air Quality

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      • pollutants R HARMFUL CHEMICALS FOUND IN AIR, WATER, OR SOIL.
      1. Pollution Sources

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         • MOSTLY RESULT IN BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
      2. Smog and Acid Rain

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         • CAUSED BY BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS
   4. Improving Air Quality

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      • Has improved over the past 30 years
2. Air Pressure

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   • Air as mass
   1. Air Properties

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      • Air also has density and pressure
      • Mass  in a given volume of air is called density.
      • Density= Air/ Volume
      1. Density

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         • Air also has density and pressure
      2. Pressure

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         • Te force of pushing on an area or surface is called pressure
   2. Measuring Air Pressure

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      • A barometer is a instrument that is used to measure air pressure.
      1. Mercury Barometers

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         • A mercury barometer consists of a glass tube open at the bottom end and partially filled with mercury.
      2. Aneroid Barometers

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         • An Aneroid  Barometer has airtight metal chamber 
      3. Units of Air Pressure

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         • One inch of mercury is about 33.87 millibars.
   3. Altitude and Properties of Air

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      • Altitude is the distance above sea level
      1. Altitude Affect Air Pressure

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         • The lower u go the higher the air pressure
      2. Air Pressure also Affects Density

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         • The molecules that make up the atmosphere are farther apart at higher altitudes than they are at sea level
3. Layers of the Atmosphere

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   • Four main layers classified based on changes in temperature: Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere and Thermosphere
   1. Troposphere

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      • The layer of the atmosphere in which Earth's weather occurs. 
      • Shallowest layer, contains all the mass of the atmosphere
      • RAIN SNOW MOST STORMS AND MOST CLOUDS OCCUR HERE
   2. Theremosphere

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      • Outermost layer
      • Thermo means heat
      • LOWER LAYER IS IONOSPHERE Aurora borealis or northern lights happen here.
      • OUTER LAYER IS EXOSPHERE
      • temperature is the average amount of energy of motion of each molecule of each substance.
   3. Stratosphere

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      • SECOND LAYER, CONTAINS OZONE LAYER WHICH ABSORBS ULTRA-VIOLENT RADIATION. 
   4. Mesosphere

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      • Protects earth's surface from being hit by most meteorides
4. Energy in Earth's Atmosphere

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   • The movement of heat in the atmosphere causes temperatures to change, winds to blow, and rain to fall.
   1. Energy from the Sun

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      • Electromagnetic waves is a form of energy that can move through the absence of space.They are classified according to wavelength, or distance between waves. 
      • Radiation is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
      • Most of the energy from the sun travels to earth in the form of visible light.
      1. Non-Visible Radidtion

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         • Infrared radiation has longer wavelength then red light, and it's invisible, but it can still be felt as heat
         • Ultra-violent has shorter wavelengths that violet light which is also invisible, it can cause sunburns, skin cancer, and skin cancer.
      2. Visible Light

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         • Visible lights include all the colors in the rainbow
         • The different colors are the results to different wavelengths: Red and orange have the longer wavelengths whereas indigo and violet have the shorter wavelengths.
   2. Energy in the Atmosphere

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      • Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere before it can reach the surface, the rest passes through the atmosphere to the surface.
   3. Energy at Earth's Surface

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      • The process by which gases hold hat in the air is called the greenhouse effect.
      • When earth's surface is heated, it radiates most of the energy back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation.
5. Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere

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   • Heat transfer in the atmosphere plays an important role in influencing Earth's weather.
   1. Thermal Energy and Temperature

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      • The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance is called thermal energy.
      1. Measuring Temperature

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         • Air temperature is usually measured with a thermometer
         • A thermometer is a thin glass tube with a bulb on one end that contains a liquid, usually colored alcohol. 
      2. Temperature Scales

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         • Temperature is measured by units called degrees
         • 2 scales r commonly used Fahrenheit scale and celsius scale.  
   2. How Heat is Transferred

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      • Heat is transferred in 3 ways.
      1. Radiation

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         • radiation is the direct transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
      2. Conduction

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         • The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid is called Convection.
      3. Convection

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         • The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another that are touching is called conduction
      4. Heating the Tropospere

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         • In the troposphere heat is transferred mostly by convection
         • The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cold air are convection currents.
6. Winds

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   • Wind.....
   1. Wind?

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      • Wind is the horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
      • Winds are caused by differences in air pressure which is caused by the unequal heating of the atmosphere.
      1. Measuring Wind

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         • Winds can be measured by an anemometer.
      2. Wind-Chill Factor

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         • The increased cooling a wind can cause is called the wind-chill factor.
   2. Local Winds

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      • Local winds are caused by the unequal heating of Earth's surface within a small are
      • Local winds are winds that blow over short distances.
      1. Sea Breeze

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         • A sea breeze is a local wind that blows in from an ocean or lake.
      2. Land Breeze

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         • The flow of air from land t body of water is called land breeze.
   3. Global Wnds

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      • Global winds occur over a large area
      • They r caused by the unequal heating of Earth's surface  
      1. Global Convection Currents

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         • Temperature differences between the equater and the poles produce giant convection currents in in the atmosphere.
      2. Coriolis Effect

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         • The way Earth's rotation makes winds curve is called the Coriolis effect.
   4. Global Wind Belts

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      • Global Wind Belts...
      1. Doldrums

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         • Doldrums are a calm area at the equator where warm air rises.
      2. Horse Latitudes

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         • Horse Latitudes are calm areas of falling air.
      3. Trade Winds

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         • Trade winds blow from the Horse Latitudes to the Equator.
      4. Prevailing Westerlies

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         • Prevailing Westerlies blow awy from the Horse Latitudes.
      5. Polar Easterlies

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         • Cold air near the poles sinks and flows back to ward lower latitudes.
      6. Jet Streams

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         • About 10 km above Earth's s surface there are bands of high speed winds called jet streams.