4865587
Description
Mind Map by Pritesh Patel, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Pritesh Patel
about 8 years ago
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OCR 21st Century C2
- Material Choices
- Nanotechnology
- use and control
of structures
that are very
small (1 to 100
nanometres in
size)
- Naturally- Seaspray,
Geckos feet
- Accident- smallest particulates
from combustion of solid fuels
- Accident- smallest particulates
from combustion of solid fuels
- By
design
- nanoparticles can be used to modify the properties of materials,
- the use of silver
nanoparticles to give fibres
antibacterial properties
- adding nanoparticles to plastics
for sports equipment to make
them stronger
- the use of silver
nanoparticles to give fibres
antibacterial properties
- nanoparticles can be used to modify the properties of materials,
- nanoparticles of a
material show different
properties compared to
larger particles of the
same material, and that
one of the reasons for this
is the much larger surface
area of the nanoparticles
compared to their volume
- As nano-particles display different
properties to their larger particles,
the concern is that they may be
damaging to our health e.g. get
into our brain via our bloodstream.
However, not enough is known yet
- As nano-particles display different
properties to their larger particles,
the concern is that they may be
damaging to our health e.g. get
into our brain via our bloodstream.
However, not enough is known yet
- Naturally- Seaspray,
Geckos feet
- use and control
of structures
that are very
small (1 to 100
nanometres in
size)
- Nanotechnology
- Materials
- Natural
- wool, silk,
cotton, latex,
fur and paper
are obtained or
made from
living things
- wool, silk,
cotton, latex,
fur and paper
are obtained or
made from
living things
- - chemicals or
mixtures of
chemicals, and
include metals,
ceramics and
polymers
- Synthetic
materials are
alternatives
and are made
from crude oil
- Natural
- Crude Oil
- crude oil consists mainly of
hydrocarbons, which are
chain molecules of varying
lengths made from carbon
and hydrogen atoms only
- small percentage of crude
oil is used for chemical
synthesis and that most
is used as fuels
- Longer chained molecules have greater
melting and boiling points due to the fact
that more energy is required to break the
intermolecular forces and change its state
- smaller molecules have weaker
intermolecular forces which can be
overcome with less energy.
- Fractional distillation separates the
various hydrocarbon compounds. Crude oil
needs to be refined into useful products
- Smaller molecules rise because they
have weak intermolecular forces and
so little energy is required to break the
molecules and change the oil to a gas
- Larger
molecules
have stronger
intermolecular
forces
- Despite this, the
intramolecular
forces (covalent
bonds between
atoms) don't break.
- They are far
too strong
- They are far
too strong
- Despite this, the
intramolecular
forces (covalent
bonds between
atoms) don't break.
- Larger
molecules
have stronger
intermolecular
forces
- Smaller molecules rise because they
have weak intermolecular forces and
so little energy is required to break the
molecules and change the oil to a gas
- Fractional distillation separates the
various hydrocarbon compounds. Crude oil
needs to be refined into useful products
- smaller molecules have weaker
intermolecular forces which can be
overcome with less energy.
- Longer chained molecules have greater
melting and boiling points due to the fact
that more energy is required to break the
intermolecular forces and change its state
- small percentage of crude
oil is used for chemical
synthesis and that most
is used as fuels
- Polymers
- monomers can join together to make very
long molecules called polymers, and that the
process is called polymerisation
- Polymers are plastics
- Polythene (Polyethene)
- Low-density polyethene molecules have
a jumbled amorphous structure. This
means that the material has a lower
density than HDPE; the intermolecular
forces obetween polymer molecules
are weakened; the material is less
strong, and has a lower melting point,
than HDPE.
- High-density polyethene (HDPE)
does not have side branches and
is crystalline as the molecules
line up regularly. This means
that: the material has a higher
density than LDPE; the forces of
attraction between polymer
molecules are strong; the
material is stronger, and has a
higher melting point, than LDPE.
- High-density polyethene (HDPE)
does not have side branches and
is crystalline as the molecules
line up regularly. This means
that: the material has a higher
density than LDPE; the forces of
attraction between polymer
molecules are strong; the
material is stronger, and has a
higher melting point, than LDPE.
- Synthetic alternatives tend to be
lighter, more durable,
water-resistant and often cheaper
- PVC replaced wood in window frames.
Weather resistant, strong and durable
- PVC replaced wood in window frames.
Weather resistant, strong and durable
- Low-density polyethene molecules have
a jumbled amorphous structure. This
means that the material has a lower
density than HDPE; the intermolecular
forces obetween polymer molecules
are weakened; the material is less
strong, and has a lower melting point,
than HDPE.
- Nylon (replaced silk)
- Neoprene
- cotton
- silk
- wool
- Polythene (Polyethene)
- If the polymer chains are packed close together,
the material will have a HIGH DENSITY
- Polymers are plastics
- monomers can join together to make very
long molecules called polymers, and that the
process is called polymerisation
- Strength-
resisting
a force
- Tensile- resistance
to a pulling force.
E.g. cables/ropes
- Compressive-
resistant to a
pushing
force. E.g.
bricks
- Tensile- resistance
to a pulling force.
E.g. cables/ropes
- Stiffness-
ability to
bend (rubber
is strong but
can be bent)
- Hardness-
difficulty
to be cut
- Density-
mass
per unit
volume.
- Objects less dense than
water float e.g. ice
- Objects more dense
than water sink
- Objects more dense
than water sink
- Objects less dense than
water float e.g. ice
- Increased Chain length
- Longer chains are stiffer and have higher
melting points due to the fact that they have
strong intermolecular forces. It is harder for
longer chains to slide over each other
- Longer chains are stiffer and have higher
melting points due to the fact that they have
strong intermolecular forces. It is harder for
longer chains to slide over each other
- Cross linking
- Chemical bonds can be formed to link together the chains of
some polymers. These cross-links make the material stiffer,
stronger and more heat resistant. This is because it becomes
very difficult to overcome the extremely strong intermolecular
forces, therefore a higher MP and BP is required
- E.g. sulfur
- E.g. sulfur
- Chemical bonds can be formed to link together the chains of
some polymers. These cross-links make the material stiffer,
stronger and more heat resistant. This is because it becomes
very difficult to overcome the extremely strong intermolecular
forces, therefore a higher MP and BP is required
- Plasticicsers
- Plasticisers are
small molecules
that can be added
to polymers
during their
manufacture.
- Unplasticised PVC, usually called uPVC, is hard. It
is used for pipes and window frames. Plasticised
PVC is soft. It is used for clothing and flooring.
- They push the polymer molecules slightly
further apart, weakening the forces between
them and making the material softer and more
flexible. as the chains can slide over each other
- Unplasticised PVC, usually called uPVC, is hard. It
is used for pipes and window frames. Plasticised
PVC is soft. It is used for clothing and flooring.
- Plasticisers are
small molecules
that can be added
to polymers
during their
manufacture.
- Crystallinity-
- A crystalline polymer has
straight chains with no
branches decreasing the
distance between chains
- A crystalline polymer has
straight chains with no
branches decreasing the
distance between chains
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