4962791
Description
Mind Map by james liew, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by james liew
about 8 years ago
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DNA and RNA
- Structure of DNA
- Nucleotides consists of a
phosphate group, a sugar and a
nitrogen-containing base
- Four different bases
- Adenine(A) and Guanine(G)
are called purines
- Thymine(T) and Cytosine(C)
are called pyrimidines
- "The Attorney General is Pure"
- Adenine(A) and Guanine(G)
are called purines
- Sugar used in DNA is
called Deoxyribose
- Four different bases
- Base Pair
- Adenine and Thymine both form
two weak hydrogen bonds
- Guanine and Cytosine form
three hydrogen bonds
- Adenine and Thymine both form
two weak hydrogen bonds
- The Double Helix
- James Watson &
Francis Crick
- The double-stranded DNA molecule is
wound into a double spiral
- James Watson &
Francis Crick
- Nucleotides consists of a
phosphate group, a sugar and a
nitrogen-containing base
- DNA Replication
- Takes place in the nucleus
during interphase
- Results in a single-stranded chromosome
forming two identical strands that are
held together at the centromere
- 1: the double
helix unwinds
- 2: enzymes break the
hydrogen bonds
- 3: the complementary
strands move apart
- 4: nucleotides move from
cytoplasm into nucleus and
attach to their complementary
bases on the exposed strands
- 5: new strands contain exactly the same
sequence of bases. Each new stretch of
DNA re-forms into a double helix
- 5: new strands contain exactly the same
sequence of bases. Each new stretch of
DNA re-forms into a double helix
- 4: nucleotides move from
cytoplasm into nucleus and
attach to their complementary
bases on the exposed strands
- 3: the complementary
strands move apart
- 2: enzymes break the
hydrogen bonds
- Takes place in the nucleus
during interphase
- The Genetic Code
- A triplet is a
sequence of three
bases in a row
- A codon is a triplet
that acts as a code for
an amino acid
- Genes are composed of long sequences of
DNA bases. Genes cause a sequence of amino
acids to be assembled to form a protein
- A triplet is a
sequence of three
bases in a row
- DNA Profiles
- A DNA profile is a unique pattern of DNA
from one person that is compared with
the DNA profile of another person
- 1: DNA Isolation: DNA is extracted using a
type of detergent which breaks down the
cell and nucleus, releasing the DNA
- 2: Cut the DNA into Fragments using a restriction enzyme
- 3: Separate the Fragments based on their lengths
using process called gel electrophoresis. DNA
places into a el and electric current is applied
- 3: Separate the Fragments based on their lengths
using process called gel electrophoresis. DNA
places into a el and electric current is applied
- 2: Cut the DNA into Fragments using a restriction enzyme
- Uses of DNA profile
- Crime
- Medical
- Paternity
- Paternity
- Crime
- A DNA profile is a unique pattern of DNA
from one person that is compared with
the DNA profile of another person
- Genetic Screening
- Genetic Screening is a test of a person's
DNA to see if an altered gene is present
- Mutated genes are the cause of
many genetic disorders such as:
- Cystic Fibrosis (where fluid can't
be removed from lungs)
- Albinism (inability to form
the pigment melanin)
- Cystic Fibrosis (where fluid can't
be removed from lungs)
- Ethical Problems
- If an embryo has disorder,
may encourage abortion
- Insurance companies may
be informed of results
- If an embryo has disorder,
may encourage abortion
- Genetic Screening is a test of a person's
DNA to see if an altered gene is present
- RNA
- CATGUT: where CATG
are the bases in DNA,
and U replaces T in RNA
- CATGUT: where CATG
are the bases in DNA,
and U replaces T in RNA
- Protein Synthesis
- Protein Synthesis is the
making of protein using
amino acids and the
code in mRNA
- Transcription is converting the code on
DNA to a code on mRNA
- Translation is converting
the code from RNA to
form a protein
- 1: double helix unwinds at site
of gene that is to form protein
- 2: Transcription occurs, sequences
of bases on DNA used to form a
complementary strand of mRNA
- 3: mRNA strand moves out of
nucleus into cytoplasm
- 4: mRNA strand moves
into a ribosome
- 5: large number of tRNA
molecules in cytoplasm, each
carries a specific amino acid
- 6: Triplets/codons on mRNA
attract complementary triplets
on tRNA molecules
- 7: Amino acids are detached from
their tRNA and bonded together in
ribosomes to form a new protein
- 8: protein folds into correct 3D
shape to function properly
- 8: protein folds into correct 3D
shape to function properly
- 7: Amino acids are detached from
their tRNA and bonded together in
ribosomes to form a new protein
- 6: Triplets/codons on mRNA
attract complementary triplets
on tRNA molecules
- 5: large number of tRNA
molecules in cytoplasm, each
carries a specific amino acid
- 4: mRNA strand moves
into a ribosome
- 3: mRNA strand moves out of
nucleus into cytoplasm
- 2: Transcription occurs, sequences
of bases on DNA used to form a
complementary strand of mRNA
- Protein Synthesis is the
making of protein using
amino acids and the
code in mRNA
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