Mindmap 2- Civil Liberties

Mindmap 2- Civil Liberties

1. Gitlow v. New York

   • Decided: 1925
   • Significance: The Court, for the first time, nationalizes the Bill of Rights after socialist propaganda was distributed throughout New York.

2. Weeks v. United States

   • Decided: 1914
   • Significance: Establishment of the exclusionary rule.

3. Wolf v. Colorado

   • Decided: 1946
   • Significance: Continued development of the exclusionary rule.

4. Mapp v. Ohio

   • Decided: 1961
   • Significance: Made the exclusionary rule applicable to states.

5. Gideon v. Wainwright

   • Decided: 1963
   • Significance: Established statewide Sixth Amendment right to counsel.

6. Malloy v. Hogan

   • Decided: 1964
   • Significance: Further established rights of the accused pre-Miranda.

7. Miranda v. Arizona

   • Decided: 1966
   • Significance: Established that law enforcement officials advise suspects of their right to remain silent and to obtain an attorney during interrogations while in police custody.

8. Engel v. Vitale

   • Decided: 1962
   • Significance: Struck down New York nondenominational prayers in schools as "establishment of religion".

9. Everson v. Bd. of Ed.

   • Decided: 1947
   • Significance: First in a series of cases furthering establishment clause in schools, etc.

10. Lemon v. Kurtzman

    • Decided: 1971
    • Significance: Established Lemon test for external expression of religion, furthered establishment clause.

11. City of Boerne v. Flores

    • Decided: 1997
    • Significance: Struck down RFRA of 1993- reestablished separation of powers

12. Cantwell v. Connecticut

    • Decided: 1940
    • Significance: Furthered use of the Free Exercise Clause

13. Schenck v. United States

    • Decided: 1919
    • Significance: Free speech- "clear and present danger" doctrine established.

14. Miller v. California

    • Decided: 1973
    • Significance: Established the three-part "Miller test", or the standard used to judge the obscene.

15. Reno v. ACLU

    • Decided: 1997
    • Significance: Struck down a broad law pertaining to minors' accessing obscene internet content.

16. Tinker v. Des Moines

    • Decided: 1964
    • Significance: Landmark symbolic speech case. Expression is protected as long it does not cause a "material disruption or substantial inference".

17. Texas v. Johnson

    • Decided: 1989
    • Significance: Landmark symbolic speech case. The burning of the American flag is protected by the First Amendment.

18. Furman v. Georgia

    • Decided: 1972
    • Significance: The Court ruled that the death penalty violated the 8th amendment because of the manner of which it was imposed.

19. Gregg v. Georgia

    • Decided: 1976
    • Significance: The Court held up a state law that eliminated excessive jury discretion in imposing the death penalty.

20. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

    • Decided: 1964
    • Significance: The Court defined both "libel" and "slander" as they pertained to public figures and officials.

21. Cruzan v. Director Missouri Dept. of Health

    • Decided: 1990
    • Significance: Right to privacy and right to die- lead to passages of "living will" statutes in many states.

22. Planned Parenthood v. Casey

    • Decided: 1992
    • Significance: Stated that states may restrict abortions, as long as they do not impose an "undue hardship or burden on the mother".

23. Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

    • Decided: 1989
    • Significance: Another in the string of abortion issues regarding the equal protection clause.

24. Griswold v. Connecticut

    • Decided: 1965
    • Significance: Court established a "penumbra" of rights- most remarkably, birth control under the 4th, 9th and 14th amendments.

25. Roe v. Wade

    • Decided: 1973
    • Significance: Court establishes an absolute right to choice with abortions.

26. Lawrence v. Texas

    • Decided: 2003
    • Significance: Court strikes down Texas law criminalizing certain gay rights.

27. New York Times Co. v. United States

    • Decided: 1971
    • Significance: Established "prior restraint" in regards to government censorship.