Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts

1. Hydrocarbons

   • A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains ONLY H and C
   • Saturated
     • SINGLE BONDS
     • ALKANES
     • Bromine water doesn't change
   • Unsaturated
     • AT LEAST one double c=c bond
     • Alkenes
     • Bromine water goes from Orange to Clear in Unsaturated hydrocarbons

2. Functional Groups

   • RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF THE COMPOUND
   • Alkane
     • c-c
     • -ane
   • Alkene
     • c=c
     • -ene
   • Halogenoalkane
     • Chloro
     • Bromo
     • Chloro
     • Iodo
   • Alcohols
     • -OH
     • Hydroxy
     • -ol
     • Ethanol
       • Alcoholic Drinks
       • Solvent (Methylated Spirits)
       • Hydration of Ethene
         • Steam and Ethene
         • H2PO4 Catalyst
         • High Pressures
         • High Temperatures
         • 100% Ethanol
         • 100% Atom Economy
         • Non-renewable source (cracked hydrocarbons)
       • Fermentation of Sugars
         • Slow Batch Process
         • Yeast Enzyme 37 degrees
         • 14% Ethanol
         • Low Atom Economy (CO2 waste)
         • Cheap Materials and Energy Demand
         • Renewable Sources (Sugar Cane)
     • Methanol
       • Petrol Addative
       • Chemical Feedstock
     • Classifying Alcohols
       • Primary
         • OH group with only one alkyl group
         • Partial Oxidation to Aldyhydes
       • Secondary
         • OH group attached with 2 alkyl groups
       • Tertiary
         • OH group is attached with three alkyl groups
   • Aldehyde
     • C=O and a H
     • -al
   • Ketone
     • Just a C=O
     • -ONE
   • Carboxyllic Acid
     • COOH
     • -oic

3. Homologous Series

   • differing by a -CH2 group

4. Naming Table

   • 1=meth
   • 2=eth
   • 3=prop
   • 4=but
   • 5=pent
   • 6=hex
   • 7=hept
   • 8=oct
   • 9=non
   • 10=dec

5. Isomerisms

   • Stereoisomerism
     • Same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
     • E/Z Isomerism
       • You need a C=C
       • Atoms fixed in place
       • Must have 2 different groups attached
     • CIS-Trans Stereoisomesim
       • Special type of E/Z
       • Two groups are the same
       • E (trans) on the opposite sides
       • Z (cis) on the Zame Zide

6. Organic Reagents and Reactions

   • Homolytic Fission
     • Each bonded atom takes one electron
     • Eachatom has anunpaired electron
     • Braking of a Covalent Bond
   • Heterolytic Fission
     • Split Unequally
     • One atom takes both e-
     • X-Y=X+Y-