Additional Chemistry

Additional Chemistry

1. atoms

   • mass number
     • protons + neutrons
   • atomic number
     • number of protons

2. isotopes

   • different atomic forms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons

3. ionic bonding

   • give away electrons
     • positive ion
       • groups 1 and 2
   • gain electrons
     • negative ion
       • groups 6 and 7
   • high melting/boiling points
     • strong attraction between ions
   • dissolve easily in water
     • ions separate
       • conduct electricity

4. covalent bonding

   • share electrons to form full outer shell
     • dot and cross diagrams
   • simple molecular substances
     • atoms have very strong covalent bonds
     • weak intermolecular forces
       • low melting/boiling points
   • giant covalent structures
     • strong covalent bonds
       • high melting/boiling points
     • diamond
     • graphite

5. metallic bonding

   • sea of free electrons among metal atoms
     • good conducters of heat/electricity

6. alloys

   • mixture of two or more metals
   • harder

7. nanoparticles

   • really tiny
   • fullerenes
     • molecules of carbon

8. polymers

   • thermosoftening
     • weak intermolecular forces
       • no cross linking chains
         • easy to melt
   • thermosetting
     • strong intermolecular forces
       • crosslinks
         • strong/hard/rigid
   • low density
     • high pressure
       • flexible
         • plastic bags
   • high density
     • low pressure with catalyst
       • rigid
         • water tanks

9. relative formula mass

10. moles

    • mass of element g / relative formula mass
      • 42 g of carbon / 12 (RFM) = 3.5 moles

11. percentage yield

    • (actual yield / predicted yield) X 100

12. chromotography

    • separates artificial colours
      • filter paper
      • gas

13. rates of reaction

    • temperature
    • concentration
    • ctalayst
    • surface area
    • collision theory
      • more collisions increase rate of reaction
        • higher temperature
        • higher concnetration
        • larger surface area

14. endothermic

    • transfers energy to surroundings

15. exothermic

    • takes energy in from surroundings

16. salts

    • acid + base <> salt + water
    • acid + metal <> salt + hydrogen
    • acid + metal oxide <> salt + water
    • acid + metal hydroxide <> salt + water

17. electrolysis

    • splitting up with electricity
      • OILRIG
      • + ions lose electrons and go to - electrode (cathode)
      • - ions gain electrons go to + electrode (anode)

Images and files in the map