Contemporary issues in Urban Settlements

Contemporary issues in Urban Settlements

1. Causes of urbanisation

   • Urbanisation in MEDC'S and LEDC'S
     • MEDC's
       • In MEDC's people move to the CBD's for a better chance of employment but this is not the case for all people so has a steady rate of new settlers and this has become a gradual process.
     • LEDC'S
       • In LEDC's much more people move to the CBD's for work as there is little to no employment in the more rural areas. This causes overcrowding in the city's and city suburbs due to increasing amounts of labourer's seaking jobs.   

2. The characteristics and location of land use zones in urban areas in MEDC'S

   • CBD
     • The CBD is the geographical heart of the city, it is located in center because it is the most accessible for buisnesses, shops and is where most roads and railways converge. 
   • Outer suburbes
     • In the outer suburbs there are more green spaces and the houses are detached. There is better community's here and little to no crime. In LEDC's this would be the main place where slums would develop as to the many travelers looking for employment but not able to afford a house.
   • Inner city
     • The inner city has high crime rate and many back to back terraced housing. Many factories are found here and there are few public spaces or green spaces. In LEDC's these areas would have many factories and rough nabourhoods with high crime.
   • Inner suburbs
     • The inner suburbs are where there is more space available (mostly only for MEDC's) and there are  more semi detached houses. There are fewer shopes here, and only conatin the essentials. In LEDC's the inner suburbs are still very compacted with housing and wouldn't have semi detached housing due to lack in space.

3. Social, economic and environmental issues facing many urban areas in MEDC'S

   • Housing
     • -overcrouded -expensive -decaying -not enough -slums (LEDC'S) -not enoughgreen space around it -rundown -social tension -ugly
     • sollution
       • -regeneration -creation of green spaces -communication links created -more housing on the outskirts
   • Traffic
     • -wasted time -congestion -noise -air pollution -large amounts -danger/crashes -rush hour -not enough parking spaces -not healthy
     • sollution
       • -more busses/trains -people only alowed 1/2 cars -electric cars -underground car park -conjestion charge
   • Pollution
     • -smog/traffic -factories -acid rain -co2 emissions -ater pollition -global warming -smoke -disease
     • sollution
       • -Park and rides -more public green spaces -encourages electric cars -better rubbish systems
   • Crime
     • -prostitution -drugs -shoplifting -riots -racism -undersistainable areas -murder -graffiti
     • sollution
       • -more rehab centers -community centers -build better and stronger communities.

4. How social, economic and environmental conditions affect the quality of life in squatter settlements .

   • Quality of life
     • The level of health, comfort, and happienes experienced by an individual or group.
   • Standard off living
     • The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.
   • Squatter settlements
     • A collection of building msinly found on the outskirts of cities where people have no legal rights and the land is not their own.
   • Solutions
     • -improved roofing -water run off system so no flooding -underground systems -'mains' water and sewage -electricity cables -outside washing sink -improved street environment -door and shutter offer some security -tank for 'mains' water supply -bathroom toilet -sleeping areas -living areas
   • Characteristics
     • -not clean -contrast between city -cramped and over crowed -segregation between rich and poor -poor fabrics of housing -limited employment -no children at school - low levels of educations -low levels of sanitation -flat land rubbish and unhigenic -no inner floor - illnesses and diseases -very dry -lack of good clothing -no water. -no shoes -no shops -children playing in dangerouse places -weak structure of buildings -slum

5. Pollution problems in LEDC'S

   • Waste disposal
     • -poor sanitation -increase in vermin -not estheticaly pleasing -can lead to disease -use of land on outskirts of citys
     • Sollution
       • -Increase in education -Coloured bins for recycling -More insinarators -Sewage companies -Litter picking -Electric cars -Community servise - Schemes and laws in place with fine systems -Land fill sites
   • Air pollution
     • -illnesses and hard to breath -increases in brochitus -destroys the ozone layer -people wear face masks -smog makes travelling hard
     • Sollution
       • -Factory air filters -electric cars -clean air act -combustion limitations -more public transport -more green spaces
   • Water pollution
     • -damages the ecosystem and food -water born deseases eg typhoid and cholera -can lead to serouse illnesses and death -means people will not have clean water, drink
     • Sollution
       • -Biofillters -Echo boats -sewage companies

6. characteristics of urban sustainability including social, environmental and economic features.

   • What is a sustainable City
     • A sustainable city is a settlement that can provide opportunities to improve the infrastructure without damaging the current one. It will provide for the community as well as ensuring a healthy environment.
   • Sustainable settlements
     • ways of making a settlement sustainable: 1. reducing waste and increasing recycling 2.conserving natural environments and historic buildings 3. building on more brownfield sites 4.building carbon neutral homes 5.creating efficient public transport 6.improving communities in local decision making