World Cities

World Cities

Urbanisation
1. Mumbai
  1. Dhavari
    1. Issues
      1. Solutions
        Bandra Kurla Complex
        200000 jobs
        £300000/yr
        Vision Mumbai 2004
        Increase economic growth by 8%
        300 toilets
        Restores 330 open spaces
        200000 moved from the slums
        Rainwater harvesting systems
        New Metro Line
      2. Over 1million people in area of 2km
        500/toilet
        Only 30% with health care
        50% have no access to clean water
        4000 cases of thyphoid/day
        3500 die on railway each year
      3. 10 times particulate count
      4. Landfill with 300,000 rag pickers
    2. Positives
      1. Over 15000 factories worth $700 million
      2. Recycles over 80% of its waste
      3. Recycling worth $1.5 million and employs 10000
  2. Over 21million people
    1. 60% live in slums
      1. Rent is £2 in slums compared with the £40 in the city while income averages £12
        Rents for suburban apartments higher than in London/New York
        Call workers only earn $5000/yr
    2. +1000 migrant per day
  3. Indias largest port where 40% of there exports travel from
    1. 20% of Indias manufacturing with 10% of all its factories
      1. Transport: 2 transcontinental railways
    2. 40% of international flights
2. World City = city that acts as a center for trade, business, science and culture.
  1. Megacity = a city with a population over 10 million eg, Mumbai, Tokyo... Currently 28 across the world.
  2. Alpha++ : New York, London, Tokyo
    1. Alpha+: Paris, Hong Kong, Beijing
      1. Alpha: Brussels, Mumbai, LA
      2. 25% of Frances GDP from Paris
    2. 40% of UK's GDP from London
Suburbanisation
1. Retail Centers
  1. Trafford
    1. Positives
      1. Easy access via the M60 and M62
        11500 free parking spaces
        1600 seat food court
        Over 280 shops including chain stores (eg, Selfridges)
        Over 8% in catchment
        Metro link with 40 runs/hr
        20 screen cinema
        Climbing wall,
        Laser Quest
        Football courts
        Indoor Skydiving (Airkix)
        Chill Factor
      2. Provides over 8000 jobs
        Royal Childrens Hospital
      3. Encouraged renewable in the city center of Altringham
    2. Negatives
      1. Over 80% drive - exclusive to drivers
      2. Vacancies increased in Altringham to 37% (3x average)and many local shops displaced
        Investment in the city center decreased for a time
      3. Cost an initial £600 million
        Worth £13 million/yr
2. Los Angeles
  1. International Airport (6th most used in world)
    1. Over half a million arrived in 40 yrs
      1. Now over 21 million in population (conurbation)
  2. Hollywood appeal, Disneyland, Universal Studios
  3. Californian SunBelt
  4. Issues
    1. Half of the water lost
      1. Nearly 900 golf courses which use 900 mil gallons of water
    2. Produces 50,000 tonnes are waste/yr
    3. Only 10% use public transport (4x less than in London)
      1. 2 hrs from outskirts to CBD
    4. Donut city effect with run down center. High dereliction, crime, vacancies and dormitory housing
  5. Electric Tramway
  6. Green, open space
  7. PLAN cost $2.2 bn and is helping to increase renewables from 20% to 33%, build a BRT, restore brownfield sites, increase parks and build affordable housing. Has helped to improve tourism.
  8. Oil, car (Ford) and aircraft industry
3. Suburbiton
  1. Attractions include transport link (18 mins to London), Close to the A3, quality housing and state schools and parks
  2. Issues
    1. 70% car ownership causes congestion
    2. 40% drive to work every day increasing pollution
    3. House prices are 2x average
    4. London Travel Zone 6 = train fares are expensive
  3. Solutions
    1. Travel Zone 5
    2. New bike storage units and pedestrian access
    3. Parking bays and set delivery times
Counter Urbanisation
1. St. Ives (Cambridgeshire)
  1. Reasons
    1. 70 miles north of London
      1. Electric Railway taking only 45 mins to London
      2. A14 to London
      3. Over 25% commute to London
    2. Attractive with the River Ouse
  2. Issues
    1. Over 1000 new houses at risk from flooding
    2. House prices increased from£130000 to £290000 in 10 yrs
    3. Demand for new housing and conversions along the River
    4. Pressure on local schools and nurseries
    5. Local corner shops being replaced by chain brands
  3. Management
    1. 200 new homes approved. 75 affordable eg social rents or low-cost ownership
    2. 240 places in local primary school and more jobs for teachers
    3. Employment in local stores
    4. Flood protections of embankments and wallscosting £8.8 million
    5. £116 million guided busway and new electrified train station
2. aka Rural Urban Turnaround
Redevelopment
1. Gentrification
  1. Islington and Notting Hill
    1. Old Victorian and Georgian housing
      1. Close to Londons city center
        Initial pricing to buy cheap
        Nearby Angel Underground station
    2. Effects
      1. From £130000 to over 4x as expensive in 20 yrs
        Locals displaced by higher costs and social housing up to 50%
        Local businesses closed as replaced by brand stores
      2. Wealth gap one of highest
        8th most deprived area
        2nd highest child poverty
        High unemployment and high crime
      3. Ownership from just 7% to 34% in 50 yrs
      4. Professionals in area increased 27% in 10 yrs
      5. More stores complying to the London living wage of £8.30/hr
2. New East Manchester URC and Partnership
  1. Sport Led via the 2004 Common Wealth
    1. New Veledrome, National Squash Center, Olympic swimming pool
      1. Sport City with 10 new urban parks and 12 community gardens
        Sport City Link with 3 Metro Lines
        Surrounding Gentrification in New Islington with 5000 new affordable homes and 6700 improved homes
    2. 2 Health Centers
  2. School attendance went to record high and unemployment from 14% to 6%
  3. 30,000 new jobs created (600 trained) and another 200 in new ASDA
  4. Benefits claimants went from 20% to under 10%
3. London Docklands UDC
  1. Canary Wharf with tri nuclear CBD and the HSBC HQ. Total of 2700 businesses worth £7.7bn
    1. 100000 commuters/day
    2. Unemployment from 14% to 7%
    3. 120000 new jobs in newly built facilities like shopping complexes
  2. Docklands Light Railway
    1. over 35000 passengers
    2. 2 new links through the city sutting times to 20 mins
    3. Safer pedestrian and cycle routes
  3. 5 new health centers and a sailing and watersports center (£100 mil spent)
  4. Docks restored with 20000 new trees planted and 3 urban parks
Sustainability
1. Management
  1. Reduce
    1. 5p bag charge (reduced use by 70% in UK)
  2. Reuse
    1. Packaging and product lifespan
  3. Recover
    1. Recycling, composting and incineration
  4. Disposal
    1. Landfill (should be reduced to 35% by 2020)
2. Curitiba
  1. Transport
    1. Bus Rapid Tranport system
      1. 1.4 million passengers per day (80% of commuters)
        1,900 buses
      2. Runs on biodiesel - lowest air pollution in Brazil
      3. Bi-articulated buses that can carry 127 people including diabled
      4. Tube bus stations to minimise loading times
      5. Same fee from any destination
        Colour schemed to create easy system to use
      6. Arterial plan through the city with green corridors
      7. Over 200km of new cycle route
      8. Within 400m of every house
  2. Waste
    1. Green Exchange system
      1. Employs over 200 lorry drivers
      2. Poor receive clothing and food for recycling
      3. Bin collection for narrower streets
      4. Recycles 80% of its waste
3. London
  1. Transport
    1. Congestion Charge 2003
      1. £11.50
        £65-£195 charges
        £2.6 bn revenue after 10 yrs
        5% went to renewing bus routes and a 12% increase in bus use
        Congestion reduced by 33% and transport time down 30%
        CO2 and NO2 fell by 20% and 17%
    2. Borris Bikes 2010
      1. £2 deposit for 24 hrs, 30mins free ride with over 11500 bikes and 570 docking stations
        Barclays to Santander
        Blind spot reduced by 30% due to safety lasers
        33% reduction in accidents
        Revenue over £330000 in first 100 days
        49% promoted to cycle
4. BedZED 2000-2002
  1. 100 homes/workspace for 100
    1. 90% less energy for heating
      1. 45% less electricity
        11% solar powered
        60% waste recycled
        65% less car milage
        777m2 solar panels
  2. 300mm insulation jackets and triple glazing
    1. Face south with rainwater harvesting and recycling
      1. Use LEDs
        Offices north facing to minimise air con
        Green transport, charging points for electric cars and car pooling
        All material sources in 50m radius
        Powerplant uses tree cuttings as power source
5. LEDC's
  1. China
    1. PM2.5 air quality 25X limit
      1. 200 days of smog in Hangzhou
        Lung cancer 3X average
    2. Mist cannons worth $90000 each
    3. Number Plate lottery and cap on new cars
  2. Kenya
    1. Door to door pick up service only £0.17 and drop off for half
    2. World bike = income
  3. Cairo
    1. 30% is salvaged and recycled
    2. Sell products abroad

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	Created by mxbacon27 almost 8 years ago