562169
Biology
B1, B2, B3
- B2
- Classification and living
together
- Organisms classified using
natural systems, giving information
about evoulutionary relationships
- Similar organisms compete for food.
- Organisms clasified into groups starts with kingdom ends with species
- Organisms classified using
natural systems, giving information
about evoulutionary relationships
- Energy flow and recycling
- energy lost each
stage of food
chain
- Food chaind
limited to small
number tropic
levels
- Recycling of carbon
involves:photosynthesis, feeding,
respiration, decomposition
- The recycling of bacteria involves 4 types of bacteria
- Pyramids of biomas and numbers show
feeding relationships
- energy lost each
stage of food
chain
- Adaption and natural
selection
- Darwins theory was widely critisised
but now it's widely accepted
- heat loss on organisms depend on
surface area to volume ratio
- Darwin - Natural selection. Involves variation,
competition, survival of fittest and selective reproduction
- Organisms in hot dry areas adapt to: Increace heat
loss, move on sand, lack of water
- Organisms in cold areas
adapt to: keep warm, move in
snow
- Natural selection today:
Warfarin resistance in rats.
colour of peppered moths
- Darwins theory was widely critisised
but now it's widely accepted
- Population, Pollution
and Sustainability
- Conservation is important to:
protect food, prevent damage to
food chains, protect organisms
for medicuses, protect habitats
for people to visit
- Heat loss from organisms
depends on their surface area to
volume ratio
- Human population is
increacing exeptionaly
leads to: CO2 (global
warming), sulfur
dioxide (acid rain),
CFC's break down
ozone layer
- remove waste, make food, suply
energy sustainably. Helps conserve
habitats and organisms
- Conservation is important to:
protect food, prevent damage to
food chains, protect organisms
for medicuses, protect habitats
for people to visit
- I want to fill space.It just looks wrong
without this
- Classification and living
together
- B1
- Diet and Exercise
- Fit - Ability to do exercise.
Healthy - free from disease
- Balanced diet vary
according to age, gender,
activity, religion and
choice
- BMI indicates if you're
overweight
- EAR used to calculate protein
requirements. Depends on age,
pregnancy lactation
- BMI indicates if you're
overweight
- Blood pressure - 2 readings.
Diastolic and systolic
- fat, smoking, alcohol increase blood pressure
- High blood pressure
damages the brain amd
kidneys
- fat, smoking, alcohol increase blood pressure
- Hey teacher,
howdy doo
- Fit - Ability to do exercise.
Healthy - free from disease
- Drugs and disease
- Class A, Class B,
Class C, Legal
- Alcohol causes cirrhosis
of the liver
- Deppresant and stimulus drugs affect nervous system by affecting transmission across synapses
- Changes in lifestyle reduce risk of
cancer
- Mosquito is vector carries malaria
- Plasodium is a pathogen causes
maleria. Paracite, humans are the
host
- Class A, Class B,
Class C, Legal
- Homeostasis and Plant hormones
- Homeostasis is maintaining a constant
internal environment
- Automatic systems in body keep
water, temp, co2 levelsconstant
- Immunisation protects
against certain diseases
by using harmless
pathogens
- insulin controlls bloodsugar. it
converts excess blood glucose into
glycogen
- Auxins are involved in
phototrophism and geotrophism
- Auxins are a group of plant hormones They shoot
curvature by cell elongation
- Plant hormones have comercial uses. (weed killer,
rooting powder, controll of fruit ripening
- Homeostasis is maintaining a constant
internal environment
- The Nervous System
- a nerve impulse
travels along the axon
of a neurone
- Light rays are
refracted as they
pass through the
cornea and lens
- The eye accomodates
by altering the shape
of the lens
- A neurotransmiter
substance differs across a
synapse, so the nerve
impulse can pass to the next
neurone
- Monocular vision has a wider field pf view but
poorer distance judgement then binocular
vision
- A spinal reflex invilves a receptor, sencory, relay
and motor neurons and an effector
- Long and short sight is caused by the eyeball
or lens being the wrong shape
- A spinal reflex invilves a receptor, sencory, relay
and motor neurons and an effector
- A nerve impule travels along the axon of a neurone
- a nerve impulse
travels along the axon
of a neurone
- Variation and
Inheritance
- Alleles
are
different
versions
of the
same
gene
- Sex is determined by
sex chromosones, XX in
female, YY in male
- Most faulty alleles are recessive
- Dominant alleles are exposed if present,
resccesive alleles are expressed in the adstence
of dominant allele
- Being homozygous is having two identical
alleles.
- Being heterozygous is
having two different
alleles
- Alleles
are
different
versions
of the
same
gene
- Diet and Exercise
- B3
- DNA, Proteins and
Mutations
- Science
- Mutations may lead
to the production of
different proteins. This
is because a change
in bases in DNA can
change the amino
acid sequence
- Proteins
are made
of long
chains of
amino
acids
- Proteins can be structual, hormones, carrier molecules or enzymes
- Enzyme activity is effected by pH and temperature. This is due
to: lower collision rates at lower temperatures, denaturing at
extremes of pH and high temperatures
- enzymes are specific and work by a 'lock and key' mechanism
- protein synthesis occours on
ribosomes in cytoplasm
- the code needed
to produce a
protein is carried
from the DNA to
the ribosomes by
a molecule called
mRNA
- Chromasones are long coils of DNA, divided up
into regions called genes
- Proteins are coded
for by DNA. The
base sequence
codes for the order
of amino acids
Each emino acid is
coded for by three
bases
- DNA looks like a
ladder that's twisted
- Science
- Cell Devision and Growth
- Gameses are produced
by meisois
- In meiosis, the chromasone number is
halved and each cell is geneticaly different
- New cells of growth are produced by mitosis.
The cells made by this are geneticaly identical
- There are a
number of
differences
between plant
growth and animal
growth
- Growth can be measured by a change
in wet mas, dry mas or length. Each
method has advantages and
disadvantages but dry mas is the best
measure
- Being multicellular
allows organisms to be
larger, use cell
differentiation, be more
complex
- Gameses are produced
by meisois
- Respiration and The Circulation
- Arteries have thick elastic
walls and carry blood away
from the heart
- Veins have large lumens and
valves and carry blood back to the
heart
- Capillaries are
permable and link
arteries to veins
- Anerobic respiration produces lactic acid which: builds
up in muscles causing fatigue, acuts as oxygen debt
and had to be broken down in the liver after exercise
- Anerobic respiration takes place
during hard exercise when there
is insignificant oxygen there
- The equasion for anerobic respiration is:
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
- Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body
and are especially addapted for this function
- THe heart has four
chambers, vand is part of a
double circulatory system
- Arteries have thick elastic
walls and carry blood away
from the heart
- Changing genes and cloning
- Gene therapy involves changing a persons
genes to try and cure disorders
- Genetic enginereing
can be used to
produce useful
products but raises
some ethical issues
- A selective breeding program can produce organsims with desired characteristics but may reduce
gene pull leading to problems of inbreeding
- Cloning plants is easier then cloning animals
because many plant cells retain the ability to
differentiate
- Plants can be cloned by
tissue culture, which
provides a number of
benifits
- New cloning technology
will: produce a number of
benifits, involve risks,
raise ethical issues
- Dolly the sheep was produced by the process of neculear
transfer - this involves placing the nucleus of a body cell into an
egg
- Gene therapy involves changing a persons
genes to try and cure disorders
- DNA, Proteins and
Mutations
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO +
6H2O
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