Epilepsy

Description

Pham1056 Mind Map on Epilepsy, created by Affy MD on 25/04/2013.
Affy MD
Mind Map by Affy MD, updated more than 1 year ago
Affy MD
Created by Affy MD almost 11 years ago
86
1

Resource summary

Epilepsy
  1. Partial Seizures

    Annotations:

    • May lead to Secondary Generalized Serizure
    1. Simple

      Annotations:

      • Without alteration of conciousness
      1. Complex

        Annotations:

        • With alteration of consciousness
        1. Secondarily Generalized Seizures

          Annotations:

          • Loss of consciousness. Involves both hemispheres. Tonic (extending rigidity) and clonic (jerking extremities) phases
          1. Medication
            1. Carbamazepine

              Annotations:

              • Fewer side-effects than phenytoin Well absorbed Strong enzyme-inducing agent- many interactions with other drugs 
              • Side effects include sedation, ataxia, mental disturbances, mild generalised erythematous rash and water retention
              1. Valproate

                Annotations:

                • Increases GABA by: (i) Weak inhibitor of enzymes that inactivate GABA, such as GABA transaminase. (ii) May stimulate synthesis of GABA (iii) May decrease GABA turnover (iv) weak blocker of Na+ channels (v) May block NMDA-mediated responses
                • • Side effects include baldness, teratogenicity, weight gain and liver damage - liver function should be managed • Valproate has metabolic effects and increases plasma lamotrogine levels • There may be an increased risk of poly-cystic-ovary syndrome associated with valproate
                1. Phenytoin

                  Annotations:

                  • Acts mainly by block of Na+ channels • Metabolism of phenytoin shows the characteristic of saturation • Range of plasma concentration for effectiveness prior to the appearance of side effects is ~40-100 μmol/l
                  • Side effects begin to appear at plasma concentrations of ≥100 μmol/l and severe reactions at plasma concentrations of ≥150 μmol/l) Side effects include confusion, gum hyperplasia, skin rashes, anaemia and teratogenesis 
              2. Primarily Generalized Seizures
                1. Absence (Petit Mal)

                  Annotations:

                  • Brief interruption of consciousness <10 seconds
                  1. Medication
                    1. Ethosuximide

                      Annotations:

                      • Mechanisms of action: Blocks of T-type Ca2+ channels • Side effects include nausea and anorexia • Cautions include avoiding abrupt withdrawal, hepatic and renal impairment
                      1. Lamotrigine
                        1. Valproate
                      2. Tonic-clonic (Grand Mal)

                        Annotations:

                        • Sequences of tonic and clonic phases
                        1. Medication
                          1. Valproate
                            1. Carbamazepine
                              1. Lamotrigine

                                Annotations:

                                • Mechanism of action: -Blocker of Na+ channels -Inhibits the release of glutamate • Effective in treating absence epilepsy • Side effects include sedation, dizziness, ataxia and skin rashes (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) • Cautions include close monitoring in the effect of skin rashes, consideration for withdrawal
                                1. Phenytoin
                              2. Myclonic

                                Annotations:

                                • Sudden involuntary muscle contraction
                                1. Atonic

                                  Annotations:

                                  • Loss of muscle tone
                                2. Status Epilepticus

                                  Annotations:

                                  • Continuous seizures lasting at least 30 minutes.
                                  1. Medication
                                    1. Lorazepam

                                      Annotations:

                                      • High potency benzodiazepine  •Tolerance and dependance can develop from long term administration •Mechanism of action: positive allosteric modulator of GABA(A)receptors •Side effects include sedation and withdrawal symptoms
                                      1. Diazepam

                                        Annotations:

                                        • Tolerance can develop with long term administration • Mechanism of action: positive allosteric modulator of GABA(A) receptors • Side effects include sedation and withdrawal symptoms
                                        1. Clonazepam

                                          Annotations:

                                          • Tolerance can develop •Mechanism of action: positive allosteric modulator of GABA(A)receptors •Side effects include sedation and withdrawal symptoms
                                      Show full summary Hide full summary

                                      Similar

                                      Medical Problems in Pregnancy
                                      Matthew Coulson
                                      Psychiatry: Cognitive Problems (Organic Psychiatric Disorder)
                                      Andrew Street
                                      Epilepsy Management
                                      Matthew Coulson
                                      Epilepsy
                                      Matthew Coulson
                                      Diabetes - Type 2
                                      Affy MD
                                      Are the episodes definitely seizures?
                                      Cristina Villacorta
                                      Exemplar 11.2: Seizure Disorders
                                      Olivia McRitchie
                                      Common Epileptic Syndromes
                                      Amber Castle
                                      affective disorders
                                      Karo
                                      sleep
                                      Karo
                                      Neurology tutorial: Blackouts
                                      yasmin.dix17