Forensic Science and Detection Methods

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Mind Map on Forensic Science and Detection Methods, created by parislilliancart on 22/02/2014.
parislilliancart
Mind Map by parislilliancart, updated more than 1 year ago
parislilliancart
Created by parislilliancart over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Forensic Science and Detection Methods
  1. Tool Marks and Impression Evidence
    1. Lifted using casting
      1. If can match tool to several crimes -> builds intelligence
        1. Casts analysed using comparison microscope
          1. test mark v.s. suspected mark from scene i.e. known v.s. unknown
            1. Rising need for a tool mark database?
        2. Class characteristics Individual Characteristics
          1. Size of head of the screwdriver; type of instrument used
            1. damage; metal striations; colour (i.e. has item been painted?)
            2. Types of tool mark
              1. static/compression (indented)
                1. Dynamic/grinding (slides across surface)
                  1. Cutting tool marks (combination of compression/sliding)
                    1. Multistroke i.e. saw
                    2. Manufacturing -> striations due to manufacturing process
                      1. Very common in volume crime -> not utilised to the best of its ability
                        1. Interpretation - strong evidence to refute/corroborate that a particular tool made a particular mark
                          1. Footwear -> Cinderella searching i.e. forensic podiatry => usually classed as associative evidence
                            1. Very neglected form of evidence i.e. no database -> shoes change regularly (based on style or fashion -> population demographics)
                              1. Can confirm or refute stories
                              2. 3D Impressions -> may not get individualising details -> can preserve with hairspray
                                1. 2D impressions -> ESLA; gel lifts; powders
                                  1. Types of class/individual characteristics: temporary accidental (i.e. a stone); damage defects; mould anomaly/defect/ design variation
                                  2. Eliminate police officers/paramedics etc. then document remainder of marks
                                    1. Can determine: shoe size; gait; number of people present. Also useful in tracking
                                    2. Footwear from all suspects usually seized in most crimes to be printed
                                  3. DNA and DNA Analysis
                                    1. Bodily Fluids
                                      1. Light
                                        1. Forensic provision, processes and application
                                          1. Observations -> Hypotheses -> Inferences. Limits of knowledge => bias and error
                                          2. Trace
                                            1. Type
                                              1. 4 main categories: Hair and Fibres; Glass; Paint; Biological evidence -> but there are lots more!
                                              2. Location and Amount
                                                1. Transferance and Persistence
                                                2. Circumstances
                                                  1. Looking for links between: Victim + scene/Victim +suspect/Suspect +scene
                                                    1. Want to establish relationships and contexrt
                                                  2. Significance and probative value
                                                    1. LOCARD'S PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE
                                                    2. History
                                                      1. The Washing Away of Wrongs (1247) - Song Chi -> first documented use of forensic entomology -> basics of forensic process
                                                        1. Philosophy of the Enlightenment -> scientific revolution between C16th and C18th. Move away from religious doctrine to science and evidence -> better society!
                                                          1. Epistemology v.s. Ontology -> theory of knowledge and its methods, validity and scope v.s. the nature of being
                                                          2. Case Studies
                                                            1. Sarah Payne
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