Parkinson's Disease Mind Map

Description

Nursing Mind Map on Parkinson's Disease Mind Map, created by Lara Acuavera on 29/08/2016.
Lara Acuavera
Mind Map by Lara Acuavera, updated more than 1 year ago More Less
Lara Acuavera
Created by Lara Acuavera about 8 years ago
Lara Acuavera
Copied by Lara Acuavera about 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Parkinson's Disease Mind Map
  1. Physical
    1. The lack of dopamine impairs movement by decreasing a person's control over their body. These symptoms are known as Parkinsonian Motor Symptoms.
      1. Parkinsonian Motor Symptoms
        1. Muscular Rigidity
          1. The inability for the muscles to relax normally, causing pain
            1. Postural and gait impairment
              1. Causes unsteady movements, shuffling and dragging when mobilising and a stooped posture
              2. Bradykinesia
                1. Is the slowness of initiation of voluntary movement with progressive reduction in speed and amplitude of repetitive actions
                  1. Rest Tremor
                    1. Is most common in the hands and forearms. It appears when the limbs are relaxed and it disappears with active movements
                    2. Lack of norepinephrine reduces the body's fight or flight system resulting in slower actions
                    3. Pathophysiology
                      1. Causative factors of Parkinson's remain unknown. But Parkinson's is a neurodegenerative condition due to a deficiency of not only dopaminergic cells, but also cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, histaminergic and glutaminergic cells, accounting for the wide clinical spectrum motor and non-motor functions that are affected
                        1. Non-motor features include cognitive impairment, depression, constipation,loss of sense of smell, sleep, swallowing and speech problems
                          1. A decrease in dopamine production leads to the impairment of motor function
                          2. Cholinergic cells are responsible for the activation during both wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep
                            1. Serotonin has several functions in the body that include the regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep as well as memory and learning
                              1. The general function of norepinephrine is to mobilise the brain and body for action
                                1. Glutamate It is responsible for sending signals between nerve cells, and under normal conditions it plays an important role in learning and memory.
                              2. Spiritual
                                1. Apathy might potentially include loss of motivation for religious practices.
                                    1. The person may require support from their local religious group, family and friends, in order to keep in touch with their beliefs
                                    2. Reduced mobility and possible cognitive impairment, combined with social and emotional factors, may impact the religious or spiritual life
                                    3. Social
                                      1. Loss of interest in socialising due to tiredness and daytime sleepiness caused by sleep deprivation and depression
                                        1. Rest tremors may prevent a person from sleeping next to their loved one as it may cause disturbance throughout the night
                                          1. Speech disturbances like hypophonia and festinating may be present in Parkinson's due to motor disruptions, which can affect communication
                                            1. Bradyphrenia, a slowness of thought can also affect communication
                                            2. Inability to perform daily living activities such as cooking, showering and eating due to uncontrollable movements, difficulty when mobilising and pain limits a person's abilities which can affect mood, motivation and confidence
                                              1. Due to the affected non-motor functions, loss of full capability to handwrite may impact ability to sign important documentation etc.
                                                1. The person may feel demanding due to their loss of independency and increasing dependency as their Parkinson's progresses and may result in depression and isolation
                                              2. Cognitive
                                                1. Sleep Deprivation due to lack of cholinergic cells in the body as well as the uncomfortable and uncontrollable effects of rest tremors and the pain caused by muscular rigidity
                                                  1. A sleepy fatigued person is accident prone, has poor memory, is judgement impaired and more likely to make mistakes, bad decisions and have a loss of motivation
                                                  2. Depression due to lack of Serotonin
                                                      1. Memory Loss due to lack of serotonin and glutamate
                                                            1. Communication deficits such as soft speech (hypophonia) and rapid speech (festinating) may cause frustration due to difficulty in conversing
                                                                  1. Anxiety may arise due to an increase in inability to control own self, perform own tasks and mobilise confidently
                                                                    1. Insecurity of self as facial expressions are reduced. Drooling and unblinking eyes are also common
                                                                  2. Effect on Family
                                                                    1. Carers especially older spouses may find it difficult to assist the person suffering from Parkinson's and may require an increased level of support from the community
                                                                      1. Financial hardship may occur due to the increased care needed and thus results in stress for the family and the person
                                                                        1. The person's inability to work due to physical limitations will decrease financial income, this may also result in a role change, especially so if the person was the main source of financial income
                                                                            1. Because Parkinson's mainly affects the older population, early onset of memory loss can cause grief for familes due to forgetfulness and the inability to recognise family and friends in worse cases
                                                                            2. Families may be given assistance from the Government as well as community services such as Blue Care and Meals on Wheels to assist with daily living and expenses
                                                                          1. Health Industry
                                                                            1. As there is no current cure for Parkinson's, maintenance of quality of life through suppression of symptoms in medications is vital
                                                                              1. Falls risk prevention and education is key in keeping client's safe due to unsteady gaits and limited mobility
                                                                                1. Length of admission in hospitals may increase due to risks of aspiration pneumonia, constipation, falls and altered mental health
                                                                                  1. A multidisciplinary team is vital for the management of care of Parkinsons. These include Speech Pathologists (to assess swallowing ability), Physiotherapists (to aid in gait and assess mobility) and Social Workers (to provide support regarding community cares and financial needs)
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