656606
Description
Mind Map by jacksearle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jacksearle
about 10 years ago
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Eisenhower 1953-1961
- Hungary 1956
- exposed the weakness of the USA
- Hungarian protestors were encouraged by support
from Eisenhower and Dulles through Radio Free
Europe
- They assumed that they would receive US
military assistance
- In fact, West refused to stop the Red Army's brutal
suppression of the rising
- Political and military realities meant that the
USA could not intervene to protect Hungary
- Political and military realities meant that the
USA could not intervene to protect Hungary
- In fact, West refused to stop the Red Army's brutal
suppression of the rising
- They assumed that they would receive US
military assistance
- Hungarian protestors were encouraged by support
from Eisenhower and Dulles through Radio Free
Europe
- Western reaction was restricted to strong
condemnation of the USSR and the U.S.
taking 25000 Hungarian refugees
- Growing skepticism about the USSR's new mood of accommodation
- govt knew that any direct Western involvement in
Hungary would almost certainly trigger nuclear war
- Hungary revealed that, in practice, the USA could not 'roll
back' communism in East Europe
- Containment remained only possible American policy
- Containment remained only possible American policy
- Hungary revealed that, in practice, the USA could not 'roll
back' communism in East Europe
- govt knew that any direct Western involvement in
Hungary would almost certainly trigger nuclear war
- Growing skepticism about the USSR's new mood of accommodation
- exposed the weakness of the USA
- Eisenhower and Dulles take
charge
- Victory for Eisenhower in 1952 seems to signal start of an
uncompromising American approach to superpower relations
- E attacked Truman of being 'soft' on communism and
rejected containment as 'futile and immoral'
- Prior to election, Dulles talked of 'rolling back' communism and
securing the 'liberation' of Eastern Europe from Soviet control
- Once in office, E and D adopted the 'new look' policy, which
emphasised hard line Cold War diplomacy
- Once in office, E and D adopted the 'new look' policy, which
emphasised hard line Cold War diplomacy
- Prior to election, Dulles talked of 'rolling back' communism and
securing the 'liberation' of Eastern Europe from Soviet control
- E attacked Truman of being 'soft' on communism and
rejected containment as 'futile and immoral'
- Victory for Eisenhower in 1952 seems to signal start of an
uncompromising American approach to superpower relations
- Why did Eisenhower want better
relations with the USSR
- In public, E stressed the new look policy, but in private he was prepared
to act pragmatically to improve relations with the USSR, he did this for
the following reasons:
- Military background made him strongly aware of the dangers
of a nuclear conflict that could 'destroy civilisation'
- Was concerned that military spending (12% of GNP in mid 50s) was too high and that
it threatened to affect living standards. Better relations with USSR would decrease
likelihood of nuclear war and therefore the govt could reduce military spending
- U2's showed that USSR was considerably behind in arms race. E knew USSR could
not win nuclear war. Gave the US the upper hand in negotiations
- Summary: New look went hand in hand with better relations because by strengthening
the USA's position, E hoped to force USSR to negotiate rather than risk war
- Summary: New look went hand in hand with better relations because by strengthening
the USA's position, E hoped to force USSR to negotiate rather than risk war
- U2's showed that USSR was considerably behind in arms race. E knew USSR could
not win nuclear war. Gave the US the upper hand in negotiations
- Was concerned that military spending (12% of GNP in mid 50s) was too high and that
it threatened to affect living standards. Better relations with USSR would decrease
likelihood of nuclear war and therefore the govt could reduce military spending
- Military background made him strongly aware of the dangers
of a nuclear conflict that could 'destroy civilisation'
- In public, E stressed the new look policy, but in private he was prepared
to act pragmatically to improve relations with the USSR, he did this for
the following reasons:
- Key Features of New Look policy
on the Cold War
- Massive Retaliation
- Jan 1954, Dulles announced 'Massive retaliatory power'
-that the USA would make greater use of nuclear threats
and place less reliance on conventional weaponry
- Circumstances which the USA would use
'massive retaliation' were kept deliberately
vague to put opponents at a disadvantage
- Circumstances which the USA would use
'massive retaliation' were kept deliberately
vague to put opponents at a disadvantage
- Jan 1954, Dulles announced 'Massive retaliatory power'
-that the USA would make greater use of nuclear threats
and place less reliance on conventional weaponry
- Brinkmanship
- Massive retaliation formed part of Dulles' wider
policy of Brinkmanship
- instances of US
brinkmanship
- 1953, US warned China that if Korean war was nor
brought to speedy conclusion, it would use nuclear
weapons - Armistice was signed shortly after
- CCP shelling of Quemoy and Matsy in 1954-5, US
issue nuclear threats. Mao's forces stopped their
military action
- 1953, US warned China that if Korean war was nor
brought to speedy conclusion, it would use nuclear
weapons - Armistice was signed shortly after
- Massive retaliation formed part of Dulles' wider
policy of Brinkmanship
- Increased use of Covert
Operations - 1953 onwards
- 1953 CIA operation to ensure that the pro western Pahlavi
was installed as Shah of Iran. Success of the operation gave
US an ally on the USSR border
- 1954 CIA backed coup against the left wing
Guatemalan president Guzman
- Development of U2 spy planes to aid intelligence gathering
- 1953 CIA operation to ensure that the pro western Pahlavi
was installed as Shah of Iran. Success of the operation gave
US an ally on the USSR border
- Domino Theory
- US policy influenced by E's domino theory April 1954
- Theory stated that if Vietnam fell to communism, it would be followed
in turn by surrounding countries
- These concerns prompted the setting up of SEATO - South East Asian Treaty Organisation
- A military alliance between the USA and the countries of South East Asia
- A military alliance between the USA and the countries of South East Asia
- These concerns prompted the setting up of SEATO - South East Asian Treaty Organisation
- Theory stated that if Vietnam fell to communism, it would be followed
in turn by surrounding countries
- US policy influenced by E's domino theory April 1954
- Eisenhower Doctrine 1957
- Committed US economic and military support to protect
the independence of any state in the region which was
threatened by armed comm aggression
- Was designed to halt communist penetration of the Middle
East and to stop the oil supplies there falling into hostile
hands
- Committed US economic and military support to protect
the independence of any state in the region which was
threatened by armed comm aggression
- Massive Retaliation
- Summits
- Geneva Summit July 1955
- Paris Summit and U2 spy plane
incident May 1960
- Geneva Summit July 1955
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